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Ex of normal microbiota of upper resp tract that are also opportunitistic pathogens (3)
- Haemophilis influenzae: can colonize the nose
- Staphyloccous aureus: normal microbiota in some ppl
- Diptheroids: can colonize the nose & nasal cavity
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Streptococcal Respiratory Diseases
aka strep throat
What org causes it
VF
How get it
S&S
- Group A streptococci (S. pyogenes) (SPY)- a flesh eating bacteria
- VF: M proteins (antiphagocytic), hyaluronic acid, capsule, streptokinases, C5a peptidase, pyrogenic toxins, streptlysins
- Enter by person inhaling droplets
- S&S: sore throat, diff to swallow, may become scarlet or rheumatic fever
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VF of S. pyogenes
- M proteins- antiphagocytic
- Hyaluronic acid
- Capsule
- Streptokinases
- C5a peptidase
- Pyrogenic toxins
- Streptlysins- toxins it produces which kill red & white blood cells & platelets
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Diphtheria organism is ________ _________
Describe it
- Cornybacterium diptheriaeG+ bacterium
- Facultative anaerobe
-
Diptheria
How & who gets it:
VF:
S&S:
Trtmt:
Vaccine:
- Enters via resp droplets or skin contact
- Susceptibility- Immunocompromised ppl
- VF: its toxin prevents polypep synthesis & causes cell death
- S&S: sore throat, oozing greyish fluid that hardens into pseudomembrane that can obstruct airrways; "bull throat"
- Trtmt: give antitoxin & antibiotic
- Immunization: DPT trio
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DPT immunization:
- Diptheria
- Pertussis (whooping cough)
- Tetanus
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Common cold
What org causes it
How get it
Where infection is
S&S
- Rhinoviruses most common, but many others
- Enter via coughing/sneezing, fomites (inanimate object carring virus)
- Infects upper resp system
- S&S: sneezing, running nose, congestion, sore throat, malaise, cough; but NO fever
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Ex bacterial infections of lower resp system
- Bacterial pneumonia
- Legionnaire's disease
- Pertussis (whooping cough)
- Tuberculosis
-
5 Types Pneumonia
- Can be categorized by type of org causing or affected region:
- 1. Bacterial pneumonia- most serious & most common
- 2. Pneumonococcal pneumonia
- 3. Mycoplasmal Pneumonia (Primary Atypical Pneumonia)- caused by Mycobacterium4. Lobar pneumonia- involves entire lobes of lungs
- 5. Nosocomial pneumonia- from hospital
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Pneumonia
Inflammation of lungs w/fluid filled alveoli & bronchioles
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Pneumococcal Pneumonia
What org causes
How & who gets it
VF
Incubation
S&S
Trtmt
- Streptococcus pneumoniaeEnters via inhalation
- Immunocompromised ppl- very common AIDS ppl
- VF: Adhesions, capsule, pneumolysin
- Incubation: 1-3 dys
- S&S: fever, chills, congestion, cough, chest pain, short rapid breathing
- Trtmt: Penicillin
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Primary Atypical (Mycoplasmal) Pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
How & who gets it
Incubation
VF
S&S
Trmt
- Enters via nasal secretions of ppl close contact
- Susceptibility: HS & college students
- VF: adhesion protein
- Incubation: 1-4 wks
- S&S: may have none; fever, malaise, sore throat, excessive sweating
- Trmt: Tetracycline, erythromycin
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Legionellosis (Legionnaire's Disease)
Legionella pneumophila
How & who gets it
S&S
Diagnoses
Trtmt
Prevention
- Enters via inhale vesicles that are filled w/it; associated w/cooling towers
- Susceptibility: elderly, smokers, immonocomp ppl
- S&S: typical pneumonia symptoms; maybe complications of GI tract, CNS, liver, & kidneys
- Diagnosis: org's presence or antibodies made
- Trtmt: erythromycin
- Prevention: reduce it's presence in water
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TB
(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Susceptibility:
VF:
S&S:
Diagnosis:
- Susceptibility: immonocomp ppl, leading killer in HIV+ ppl
- VF: mycolic acid in cell wall; cord factor (surface glycolipid which resists phagocytosis) for it to cause disease
- S&S: initally minor cough/fever; later diff breathing, chest pain, wheezing, coughing blood
- Diagnosis: skin test but doesn't tell if person was simply exposed or vaccinated
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Inhalation Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
How get it
VF
S&S
Diagnosis
Prevention
- Inhalation of endospores
- VF: capsule, toxin
- S&S: initial cold/flu-like, progresses to severe coughing, diff breathing, shock, death
- Diagnosis: bacteria in sputum (spit w/phlegm)
- Prevention: vaccine for military, health care workers
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Influenza-Types A & B- 2 strains are:
Hemagglutinin antigen (HA) and neuraminidase antigen (NA) strains which mutate often
-
Antigenic drift & antigenic shift mutations of influenza virus
8 RNA pieces of virus are rearranged & recombined w/each other to make new combinations
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2 Ex of fungal infections of Lower Resp System
Histoplasmosis, Pneumocystis pneumonia
-
Histoplasmosis
Histoplasmosis capsulatum
Abt it:
How get it
Epidemiology
Trmt
- Most common fungal systemic disease
- Soil---> human; children
- Eastern US & parts of Africa, Central/S America
- Trmt: Amphotericin B
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Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP)
Pneumocystis jiroveci (prev P. carinii)
How & who gets it
- Inhale droplets containing the fungus
- Immnocomp, esp AIDS ppl
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