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Bacteria have to ______ in order to form an infection.
They do so by using ________ or _______.
adhere
glycocalyx or fimbriae
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capsules are a form of _____ _____.
Useful to a cell for both ____ and ____ of _____.
smooth glycocalyx
adherance and evasion of phagocytosis
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The waste products of ____ and ____ quite often cause illness in humans.
fungi and protozoa
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An enzyme produced by Staph Aureus
Coagulase (coagulates fibrinogen)
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A ________ is a substance that contributes to the disease causing ability of an organism or (_______).
Toxin
Pathogenicity
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Antibody that is produced against a specific toxin is called
Antitoxin
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_____ are specific for a structure or function in host cell; primarily Gram + cells.
exotoxin
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The action of an A-B Exotoxin
1. Exotoxins are comprised of an active portion (A) and brinding portion (B) and produced inside a Gram+ bacteria cell which gets released outside the cell.
2.The B portion of this exotoxin will attach itself to a host cell receptor on the cell membrane and then the entire A-B complex will enter the host cell by way of endocytosis.
3. A-B exotoxin becomes enclosed in pinched-off portion of plasma membrane during pinocyctosis
4. A-B portions then separate and the A portion alters cell function by inhibiting protein synthesis, while the B portion is released from the host cell.
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action of A-B exotoxin
- 1. exotoxins composed of actiive and binding portions (A-B)
- 2. Mostly Gram + bacteria that produce exotoxins
- 3. Bacteria cell produces exotoxin inside cell and then secretes the A-B exotoxin outside
- 4. A-B attaches itself to a host cells receptor with the binding portion (B)
- 5. A-B exotoxin gets brought into host cell by endocytosis
- 6. A-B exotoxin enclosed in pinched off portion of plasma membrane during pinocytosis
- 7. A and B portions separate where the A portion begins to alters cell function by inhibiting protein synthesis. The B portion gets released from the host cell.
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____ are a part of the outermembrane of a Gram - bacteria (the organism)
endotoxin
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mechanism or pyrogenic response of endotoxins
- 1. A macrophage ingests a GRAM - bacterium
- 2. The bacterium is degraded in a vacuole , releasing endotoxins that induce the macrophage to produce cytokines
- 3. The cytokines are then released into the bloodstream by the macrophages and travel to the hypothalamus of the brain.
- 4. The cytokines trigger the hypothalamus to produce prostaglandins, which reset the body's thermostat to a higher temperature, producing a fever.
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Treatment with antibiotics to Gram ? bacteria can lead to ______ because of ____ and the ____ ____.
- Gram -
- Septic shock
- endotoxins and the pyrogenic response
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Steps to Phagocytosis
- 1. Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte
- 2. Ingestion
- 3. Formation of phagosome
- 4. Fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome
- 5. Digestiosn of ingested microbe by enzymes
- 6. Formation of Residual bodies w/ indigestable material
- 7. Discharge of waste materials
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the scientific study of a desease
pathology
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_______are always present (if you washed all of these away you run the risk of infection) but _____ are only present for a limited time.
- normal microbiota
- transient microbiota
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A specific disease is caused by a specific orgranism, microorganisms can cause disease
Kochs postulates
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refers to organisms living together
An example would be normal microbiota and a host
Symbiosis
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one organism is benefited and the other is unaffected
commensalism
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The science that deals with WHEN diseases occur and HOW they are transmitted
epidemiology
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____is a systemic infection arising from multiplication (growth) of bacteria in blood
septicemia
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the extent of pathogenicity
virulence
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infectious dose for 50% of the test population
ID50
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bacteria in the blood
bacteremia
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toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or other toxins, from a focus of infection
sepsis
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the study of the cause of a disease
etiology
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deaths from notifiable diseases
mortality
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incidence of a specific notifiable disease
morbidity
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In an ___ disease, symptoms develop rapidly
acute
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the lethal dose of a toxin for 50% of the population
LD50
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______of respiratory tracts are the most frequently used portals of entry for pathogens.
mucous membranes
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Bacteria must ____and do so by_____ or _____.
Adhere
fimbriae or glycocalx
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Substance that contributes to pathogenicity (diseases causing ability of an organism)
toxin
-
Antibodies against a specific toxin
Antitoxin
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The action of an Exotoxin
- 1. Gram + (most are +) bacterium produces exotoxin, releases it
- 2. Binding (B) portion of exotoxin (A-B) attaches to host cell receptor
- 3. Both A-B portions of exotoxin enter host cell via endocytosis
- 4. Once inside and enclosed in pinched off portion of plasma membrane during pinocytosis, the A-B portiions separate.
- 5. The active (A) portion begins to alter cell function by inhibiting protein synthesis, while the B portion gets released outside the cell.
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Endotoxin mechanism/pyrogenic response
- 1. Gram - bacterium gets ingested by a macrophage
- 2. Macrophage produces a vacuole around the bacterium that begins to degrade the bacterium which releases the endotoxins (part of the cell wall),. which in turn induce the macrphage to produce cytokines.
- 3. Cytokines enter the bloodstream and travel to the hypothalamus of the brain.
- 4. These cytokines trigger the release of prostaglandins which then reset the body's "thermostat" creating a temperature increase or fever.
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The waste products of ____ and ____ can often times cause sickness in humans.
fungi and protozoa
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Phyasical factors of First line of defense is intact____and ____ ___ and their secretions, and normal microbiota.
The ____consists of tightly packed ____ with _____, a protective protein.
___ traps microbes (sticky) and the ____ _______ transports trapped microbes in mucus away from the lungs.
- skin and mucous membranes
- skin, cells, keratin
- mucus , ciliary escalator transports
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Phycial factors of first line also include
- lacrimal apparatus: washes eye
- Saliva: washes microbes off
- Urine: flows out
- Vaginal secretions: flow out
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defenses against any pathogen
Innate immunity (present at birth)
-
a chemical factor and enzyme in perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine
Lysozyme
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Chemical factors include
pH, enzymes (lysozyme), the lacrimal apparatus of the eye
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Formed elements in the blood include ___ and ___
Red blood cells and White blood cells
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competes with pathogens or alters the environment
normal microbiota
-
transports O2 and CO2
red blood cells
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White blood cells include
- neutrophills (phaocytic)
- Basophils (release histamines)
- Eosinophils (kills parasites)
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Chemicals released by damaged cells
- histamine
- kinins
- prostaglandins
- leukotrienes
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vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels
histamines and Kinins
-
intensifies the efffects of histamines and kinin effect
Prostaglandins
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____ increases permeability of blood vessels phagocytic attachment
Leukotrienes
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the process where phagocytes adhere (stick) to the endothelium
margination
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____ is when phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells
diapedesis
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serum protein activated in a cascade
the complement system
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opsonization
the enhancement of phagocytosis by coating the microbe with C3b
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increase of blood vessel permeability and chemotaxic attraction of phagocytes
Inflammation
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Bursting of the microbe is called
cytolysis
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Three pathways in the complement system
Classical, alternative, and Lectin
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Classical Pathway of complement activation- 3 steps
1. antibodies bind to C1 protein and antigen on the microbe
2. This sets off the complement cascade
3. This results in opsonization , inflammation, and Cytolysis
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Alternative Pathway of Complement Activation
1. Cellular factors bind to C3 protein and lipid carbohydrates on the microbe
2. This sets off the complement cascade
3. This results in opsonization, inflammation, and cytolysis
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Lectin Pathway of complement activation
1. Lectin is removed from the carbohydrate containing mannose
2. This sets off the complement cascade
3. This results in opsonization, inflammation, and cytolysis
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a protein produced in response to an antigen AND binds to that antigen
antibody
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What are the 3 types of Specific defenses (immuinity?
Acquired immunity- Developed during an individuals lifetime
Humoral imminity- involves ANTIBODY produced by B cells
Cell-mediated immunity- Inovlves T-cells
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A substance ie (bacterium) that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells
Antigen
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Globular proteins called immunoglobulins are called ____
antibodies
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clumping or reducing number of infectious units to be dealt with ie bacteria units
agglutination
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5 types of antibodies
- IgG- placenta
- IgM-agglutinates
- IgA-secretions
- IgD-immune response
- IgE-allergic rx, worms
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Enhance phagocytosis; neutralize toxins and viruses; crosses placenta and protects fetus and newborn
IgG antibodies
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Agglutinates microbes, first Ab produced in response to infection
IgM antibodies
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In secretions and gives mucosal protection
IgA antibodies
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On B cells, iniitiates immune response
IgD antibodies
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Allergic rx's; lysis of parasitic worms
IgE antibodies
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4 types of Acquired immunity
Naturally acquired ACTIVE immunity
Naturally acquired PASSIVE immunity
Artificially acquired ACTIVE immunity
Artificially acquired PASSIVE immunity
-
Naturally acquired active immunity
results from an infection
-
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Transplacental
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Artificially acquired active immunity
Injection of Antigens Ag (vaccination)
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Aritifically acquired passive immunity
Injection of antibodies Ab
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Cell mediated Immunity
an immune response that does not involve antibodies or complement but rather involves the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells (NK), antigen-specific cytotoxicT-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
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CD4 or ____ cells differentiate into
___ and ___. What do they do?
- Helper T Cells
- TH1- activate cells related to cell-mediated immunity
- TH2- activate B cells to produce eosinophils, IgM, and IgE
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CD8 or ____ aide in killing____infected cells AND ____ target cells with____ and ____.
- Cytotoxic T cells
- virus infected
- destroy
- perforin and granenzymes
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Delayed-_____ T Cells (TD) are associated with ____ reaction, ___ rejection, and ____ skin test
- Hypersensitivity
- Allergic rx
- Transplant rejection
- Tuberculin skin test
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_____ T cells ( ) turn off immune response when ___ is/are no longer present.
- suppresor T cells (TS)
- Ag(s)
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____ is the really important protein ...without it you wouldnt get:
- Opsonization
- Inflammation
- Cytolysis
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Reaction of soluble antigens with antibodies
Precipitation Rxs
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involves agglutination of RBC's
some viruses agglutinate RBC's in vitro
hemagglutination
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1. Antibody is adsorbed to well
2. Patient sample is added; complementary antigen binds to antibody.
3. Enzyme-linked antibody specific for test antigen is added and binds to antigen, forming sandwich
4. Enzymes substrate is added, and reaction produces color change
Direct ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay)
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1. Antigen is adsorbed to well
2. Patient serum added; complimentary antibody
3. Enzyme linked anti HISG added and binds to bound antibody
4. Enzymes substrate is added, and reaction produces color change.
Indirect ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)
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mixing blood with antisera is called
direct agglutination
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Types of hypersensitivity Rx's (response to antigen or allergens)
Types of Rx's
1.
2
3
4
- 1. Anaphylactic
- 2. Cytotoxic
- 3. Immune complex
- 4. Delayed cell mediated or delayed hypersensitiivity
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Type 1- _______ reaction involves Ig(?), ___ cells, and/or ___phils.
Shock is a result of ____ ___.
- Anaphylactic reaction
- IgE, mast cells, and or Basophils
- systemic anaphylaxis
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Type 2-____ reaction involve Ig(?) or Ig(?) antibodies
-
Type 3-_____ ____ reactions: Antibodies and ____ from _____.
- Immune complex Rx's
- Antibodies and Antigens form complexes
-
Type 4-___ _ ___ or ___ ______: Antigens activate __ that kill ___ cells.
- delayed cell mediated OR delayed hypersensitivity
- activate T cells that kill TARGET cells.
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_____is due to IgG and IgM antibodies
Autoimmunity
-
_____is due to 2 or more exposures to an antigen
hypersensitivity
-
____is due to sensitized T cells
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
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What kind of antibodies does Blood Type A have? Antigens?
B antibodies and A antigens
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Type B blood antibodies and antigens?
-
Blood type AB antibodies and antigens?
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Type O blood antibodies ? antigens?
- Antibodies A and B
- NO antigens
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Rh factor and hemolytic disease of newborn
- 1. Rh+ father and Rh- mother have Rh+ baby #1
- 2. Rh+ baby antigens transfered to mothers blood during delivery making mother produce Rh antibodies
- 3. IF second baby is also Rh+, mother's antibodies will cross placenta and damage fetal RBC's
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4 types of Tissue grafts
- Autografts: tissue from one part of your body to another
- Isograft: tissue from identical twin
- Allografts: tissue graft from a close match
- xenotrasnplant: tissue graft from animal
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HIV lead to ______.
immunosuppression
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HIV is contracted through
direct contact ie blood body fluids
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Many drugs (AZT, ddC) that treat HIV do so through stopping ____ and ____.
DNA synthesis and inhibiting reverse transcriptase
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Currently sexually transmitted HIV infection is via _____
heterosexual contact ~ 85 %
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