Flashcards.txt

Cancer in glandular tissue

The fourth stage of mitosis, beginning when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes have arrived at each of the two poles of the cell

The requirement to divide, a cell must be attached to a solid surface

A physiological process involving the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels

The creation of offspring by a single parent, without the participation of sperm and egg

A chromosome not directly involved in determining the sex of an organism; in mammals, for example, any chromosome other than X or Y

An Abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body

A means of asexual reproduction in which a parent organism, often a single cell, divides into two individuals of about equal size

A cell that is not subject to normal cell cycle control mechanisms and that will therefore divide continuously

Cancer that originates in the coverings of the body, such as skin or lining of the intestinal tract

An ordered sequence of events (including interphase and the mitotic phase that extends from the time a eukaryotic cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own disjoin into two cells

a cyclically operating set of proteins that triggers and coordinates events in the eukaryotic cell cycle

The reproduction of a cell

A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis

The region of a chromosome where two sister chromatids are joined and where spindle microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis. The centromere divides at the onset of anaphase during mitosis and anaphase II during meiosis

Material in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that gives rise to microtubules; important in mitosis and meiosis; also called microtubule-organizing center

The combination of DNA and proteins that constitutes chromosomes; often used to refer to the diffuse, very extended form taken by the chromosomes when a eukaryotic cell is not dividing

A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis; also, the main gene-carrying structure of a prokaryotic cell. Chromosomes consist of chromatin.

The first sign of cytokinesis during cell division in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate

The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs during telophase of mitosis, and mitosis and cytokinesis make up the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle

The arrest of cell division that occurs when cells grown in a laboratory dish touch one another; generally due to an inadequate supply of growth factors

A cell or an organism consisting of two sets of chromosomes: usually, one set from the mother and another set from the father. In a diploid state the haploid number is doubled, thus, this condition is also known as 2n

Abnormality in maturation of cells within a tissue

The union of the nucleus of a sperm cell with the nucleus of an egg cell, producing a zygote

A sex cell; a haploid egg or sperm. The union of two gametes of opposite sex (fertilization) produces a zygote

A complete (haploid) set of an organism's genes; an organism's genetic material

In the life cycle of an organism that reproduces sexually, a cell containing a single set of chromosomes; an n cell

The period in the eukaryotic cell cycle when the cell is not actually dividing

A specialized protein structure at the centromere region on a sister chromatid. Spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochore during mitosis and meiosis

A cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal proliferation of blood cells, usually leukocytes

Cancer of the tissues that form white blood cells

An abnormal tissue mass that can spread into neighboring tissue and to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor

In a sexually reproducing organism, the division of a single diploid nucleus into four haploid daughter nuclei. Meiosis and cytokinesis produce haploid gametes from diploid cells in the reproductive organs of the parents

The third stage of mitosis, during which all the cell's duplicated chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary plane equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle

The thickest of the three main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell; a straight, hollow tube made of globular proteins called tubulins. Microtubules form the basis of the structure and movement of cilia and flagella

The division of a single nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei. Mitosis and cytokinesis make up the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle

The part of the cell cycle when mitosis divides the nucleus and distributes its chromosomes to the daughter nuclei and cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells

A spindle-shaped structure formed of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. (A spindle is shaped roughly like a football)

A cancer causing gene; usually contributes to malignancy by abnormally enhancing the amount or activity of a growth factor made by a cell

The second stage of mitosis, during which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the sitter chromatids

The first stage of mitosis, during which the chromatin condenses to form structures (sister chromatids) visible with a light microscope and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleus is still intact

A normal gene that can be converted to a cancer-causing gene

Family of genes encoding small GTPases that are involved in cellular signal transduction. Activation of Ras signalling causes cell growth, differentiation and survival

Cancer of the supportive tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and muscle

The creation of offspring by the fusion of two haploid sex cells (gametes), forming a diploid zygote

One of the two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome in a eukaryotic cell

Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell or a cell that develops into a sperm or egg

The structure that separates the chromosomes into the daughter cells during cell division

The fifth and final stage of mitosis, during which daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell. Telophase usually occurs together with cytokinesis

An abnormal mass of cells that forms within otherwise normal tissue

A gene whose product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing uncontrolled cell growth

The fertilized egg, which is diploid, that results from the union of a spree, cell nucleus and an egg cell nucleus