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Pathogens can enter CNS by:
(4 routes)
- 1. Breaks in bones & meninges
- 2. Medical procedures (ie epidural)
- 3. Traveling in peripheral neurons to CNS
- 4. Infecting & killing cells of meninges resulting in meningitis
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Bacterial Meningitis:
Signs & symptoms w/3 types
Diagnoses, Trtmt
- Rapid development of S&S so antibiotics must be fast! Animal foods can be contaminated
- Three Types:
1. Inflamed cranial meninges: severe headache, vomiting, pain - 2.Inflamed spinal meninges: stiff neck, altered muscle control (b/c nerves in neck travel down arms)
- 3. Brain infection, encephalitis: behavioral chgs, coma, death
- Diagnose w/spinal tap
- Vaccines
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4 species produce bacterial meningitis
Streptococcus pneumoniae: only encapsulated strains harmful; #1 cause in adults
Neisseria meningitidis: Fimbria, capsule, LPS
Haemophilus influenzae
Listeria monocytogenes
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Leprosy
(Mycobacterium leprae)
Describe organism, how get it, how diagnose
Two Forms:
Tuberculoid-
Lepromatous-
- G+ bacillus w/mycolic acid in cell wall
- Person-person or broken skin
- Diagnoses confirmed by presence of acid-fast rods (thick waxy coat)
- Two Forms
1. Tuberculoid- nonprogressive2. Lepromatous- progressive tissue destruction, starting in cold parts of body, both immune system & bacteria destroy cells
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Botulism
Clostridium botulinum
Describe org, S&S
3 Forms
3 Trtmts
- G+ obligate anaerobe, so can go deep into body, causing gangrene
- Intoxication from endospores
- Diarrhea main symptom
- 3 Forms
-Food-borne: paralysis of voluntary muscles - -Wound botulism: " "
- -Infant botulism: grows in intestine b/c stomach acid insufficient to destroy
- 3 Trtms:-Wash intestinal tract
- -Administer botulism immune globulin
- -Antibiotics
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Examples viral diseases of nervous system (4)
- Meningitis
- Polio
- Rabies
- Encephalitis
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Viral Meningitis
What org causes, how get it, what it does in body
- Most common meningitis & milder than bacterial, fungal
- Mostly caused by Enterovirus fam of viruses,
- From infected food, respiratory droplets, feces
- Goes on to attack intestinal tract but no GI illness; no trtmt, goes away on its own
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Polio
Poliovirus
How get it
4 Conditions caused by it
- Drinking contaminated water; today only in Africa, Asia
- Four Conditions
Asymptomatic infection: most common- Minor
- Nonparalytic: muscle spasms & back pain
- Paralytic
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Rabies
S&S, Incubation, Trtmt
- S&S: pain or itching at infection site; if neurological symptoms begin, it is terminal
- Incubation: 1-2 mo
- Trmt: Postexposure prophylaxis (vaccine given b/4 virus reaches CNS); human rabies immune globulin; rabies vaccine
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Arboviral Encephalitis
S&S, Trtmt
- arthropod-borne viruses (usually mosquitoes)
S&S: mild, coldlike symptoms; but can pass blood-brain barrier causing encephalitis similar to meningitis - Trtmt: supportive (none)
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Cryptococcal meningitis caused by _______ _______
Cryptococcus neoformans
(encapsulated yeast)
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Cryptococcal Meningitis
How get it:
Susceptibility:
S&S:
Trmt:
Spores enter via resp tract or dried yeast cells
- Susceptibility: Immunocompromised ppl (common in HIV ppl) & those exposed to bird droppings w/fungus
- S&S: prolonged cough, similar to bacterial meningitis
- Trmt: Amphotericin B (attacks fungal cell wall component, ergosterol, which humans don't have)
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Prion
Infectious proteins that can cause disease by chg normal alpha sheets into beta sheets
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Prion Disease
What is does in body
How infected (3)
Ex: (3)
Accumulation of beta-sheet protein, causing neurological disease
- Triggered by:
- Transplants
- Contamination via surgery
- Injection of growth hormones from infected pituitary glands
- Ex:
- Scrapie- sheep
- Mad cow disease
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease- humans
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