Lymph Head Neck

consists of lymph fluid, collecting ducts and various tissues including the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, adenoids, and Peyer patches

protects the body from antigenic substances of invading organisms, removes damaged cells from circulation and provides partial, but often ineffecient barrier to maturation of malignant cells w/in body

Every tissue supplied by blood vessels has lymphatic vessels except

is a clear, sometimes opalescent or yellow-tingued fluid that contains a variety of WBCs (mostly lymphocytes) and on occasion, RBCs

the drainage point for the right upper body is a lymphatic trunk that empties into the

drains lymph from the rest of the ody into the left subclavian vein

are discrete structures surrounded by capsule composed of connective tissue and few elastic fibers and usually occur in groups

located in subcu connective tissues

lie beneath the fascia of muscles and w/in various body cavities

defend against invasion of microorganisms and other particles w/ filtration and phagocytosis and aid in the maturation of lymphocytes and monocytes

central to the body's response to antigenic substances; not identical in size or fcn; small - 5 times that; arise from number of sits in body; primarily produced in bone marrow

sense the difference in cells of the body that have been invaded by any foreign substance or even a malignant change; have important role in controlling immune responses brought about by B-lymphoctyes

type of immunity involving the antibodies produced by B cells

type of immunity involving attacks on "invaders" by the cells themselves

located in superior mediastinum, extending upward into lower neck; essential for development of protective immune fcn; site for production of T-cells

situated in left upper quadrant of ab cavity btwn stomach and diaphragm; blood forming organ early in life, site for storage of red corpuscles and part of body's defense system with blood-filtering macrophages

made up of lymphatic noduls and diffuse lymphatic tissue of the spleen

made up of venous sinusoids of the spleen

set btwn palatine arches on either side of pharynx just beyond base of tongue; organized as follicles and crypts; covered by mucous membrane

located at nasopharyngeal border

located near the base of the tongue

small, raised areas of lymph tissue on the mucosa of the small intestine and consist of many clustered lymphoid noduls and serve the intestinal tract

the immune system and lymphoid system begin developing at what week of gestation

at its largest relative to rest of body shortly after birth, reaches its greates absolute weight at puberty; then involutes replacing much of its tissue w/ fat and becoming rudimentary organ in adult

inguinal, occipital and postauricular nodes are common before ? age

cervical and submandibular nodes are uncommon during the ? year but more common in older children

_____nodes are not usually found in infants and their presence assoicated w/ high incidence of malignancy, is always a cause for concern

_____ is a state of altered immune fcn

an increased number of lymphocytes in the blood represents a systemic response to _____ and some ______

the nodes of older adults are more likely to be _____ and ____, a contributing factor in impaired ability to resist infection

to gently palpate for superficial lymph nodes, use what?

____ is almost always indictaive of inflammation

small, multiple nodes that feel like BBs under the skin; movable, discrete and move under your fingers

a node that is ______ is cause for concern

enlarged lymph node(s)

inflamed and enlarged lymph node(s)

inflammation of lymphatics that drain an area of infection; tender erythematous streaks extend proximally from infected area; regional nodes may also be tender

edematous swelling due to excess accumulation of lymph fluid in tissues caused by inadequate lymph drainage

congenital malformation of dilated lymphatics

wavelike motion that is felt when node is palpated

group of nodes that feel connected and seem to move as a unit

____ nodes are not usually tender

nodes may become warm or tender to the touch, matted, and much less discrete with

involvement of lymph nodes to which a ______ has spread is often asymmetric; contralateral nodes in similar location may not be palpable

is the dividing line for the anterior and posterior traingles of the neck and is useful landmark for describing location

a _____ node in the left supraclavicular region may be result of either ab or htoracic malignancy

To palpate the inguinal and popliteal area, have the pt lie _____ w/ knee slightly flexed

facial muscles are innervated by cranial nerves

is the major accessible artery of the face

glands located anterior to the ear and above the mandible

glands located medial to mandible at the angle of the jaw

glands located anteriorly in the floor of the mouth

is formed by cervical vertebrae, ligaments, and sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles which give it support and movement

is formed by the medial border of the sternocleidomastoid muscles, mandible, and midline

is formed by the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles and clavicle and contains the posterior cervical lymph nodes

is the largest endocrine gland in the body, producing thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3); has two lateral lobes that are butterfuly shaped and joined by isthmus at lower aspect

a ____ lobe extending upward from the isthmus slightly to the left of midline, is present in about 1/3 of the population

_____ are the membranous spaces formed where four cranial bones meet and intersect

ossification of the sutures begins after completion of brain growth at about ____ and is finished by adulthood

the posterior fontanel ossifies usually blosing by ____ and the anterior fontanel closing by ____

pregnancy is a _____ state

the rate of ___ production and degradation gradually decreases with aging and the thyroid gland becomes more______

a horizontal jerking or bobbing motion may be associated with a

nodding movement may be associated with ____, esp. if nodding is synchronized with the pulse

is defined as an expression or appearance of face and features of head and neck that, when considered together, is characteristic of a clinical condition or syndrome

suspect _______ when the entire side of the face is affected

suspect ____ when the lower face is affected

if only the mouth is involved, suspect a problem with the peripheral _______

spasmodic muscular contractions of the face, head, or neck; may be associated w/ pressure on or degenerative changes o the facial nerves, a feature of Tourette syndrome or possibly pyschogenic in origin

_____ of the head and neck is not routinely performed with one exception when evaluating for hypercalcemia, where may produce hyperactive masseteric reflex, the Chvostek sign

is not routinely performed but if you suspect a vascular anomaly of the brain, use the bell and listen over temporal region, over eyes, and below occiput

webbing, excessive posterior cervical skin or an unusually short neck may be associated w/

the transverse portion of the omohyoid muscle in the posterior triangle can sometimes be mistaken for a

marked edema of the neck may be associated w/

mass filling the base of the neck or visible thyroid tissue that glides upward when pt swallows may indicate an enlarged

the thyroid and cricoid cartilages should be smooth and nontender and move under your finger when the pt

a tugging sensation, synchronous with the pulse, is evidence of ________ suggesting the presence of an aortic aneurysm

____ can actually make exam of thyroid more difficult

if the thyroid gland is enlarged, auscultation for vascular sounds w/ the ______; in a hypermetabolic state, blood supply is dramatically increased and vascular bruit, a soft rushing sound, may be heard

is subcu edema over the present part of the infant's head at birth; most common form of birth trauma of the scap and usually occurs over the occiput and crosses suture lines

is a subperiosteal collection of blood and is therefore bound by the suture lines; commonly found in the parietal region and may not be immediately obvious at birth; firm and edges are well defined; does not cross suture lines; may liquefy and become fluctuant on palpation as it ages

preterm infnats often have long, narrow heads (______) because their soft cranial bones become flattened w/ positioning and weight of the head

can result from premature fusion of one of the sutures (craniosynotosis) or from external deformation

is common among infants with toritcollis

bulging of the skill of the frontal areas is associated w/ prematurity, thalassemia, and rickets

resistance to flexion of the neck is associated w/ meningeal irriation

a third fontenal (mastoid fontanel) located btwn anterior and posterior fontanels, may be an expected variant but is also common in infants w/

in infants younger than 6 months, the anterior fontenal diameter should not exceed_____; should get progressively smaller beyond that age, closing completely by_____

a ____ fontanel with marked pulsations may indicate increased intracranial pressure from a space-occupying mass or meningitis

a softening of the outer table of the skull

a ___ upon palpation of clavicles is indicative of fracture that occured at time fo birth in newborns

a ring of 2 cm or less byond the rim of the trnasilluminator is expected on all regions of the head excep the ____, where ring should be 1 cm or less

direct prercussion of the skull with one finger is useful to detect

___ are common in children up to 5 years or in children with anemia; after 5, presence may suggest vascular anomalies or increased intracranial pressure

"mask of preg"; blotchy, brownish hyperpigmentation of the face, particularly over the malar prominences and forehead; may further darken w/ sun expsoure, generally fades after delivery