Nurs Exam III Cancer

most human tissues contain predetermined, undifferentiated

cancer cells are characterized by loss of contact inhibition which means?

regulate normal cellular processes such as promoting growth

this type of gene is used to regulate growth, and mutations render them inactive

well differentiated-easily identified, usually encapsuled and expansive, metastasis doesn't occur

may range from well differentiated to undifferentiated; able to metastasize; infiltrative and expansive growth; rarely encapsulated; own blood supply

a mutated cell has the potential to develop into _____ and ______ cells

mutated cells only become tumors when they establish ability to ______ and ______

carcinogens can be _____ and _____ _____

cells damaged by carcinogens may replicate into daughter cells with same genetic alteration, _____ and _____

long latency period makes identification of carcinogens difficult

about half of cancer related deaths in the US are related to what 4 causes

the latent period of cancer may range from ___ to ___ years

progression of cancer is characterized by these three factors

most frequent sites of metastasis are

the immune response is to ____ or _____ cancer cells

these continually check cell surface antigens and detect and destroy abnormal cells

B cells produce antibodies directed to

mechanism by which cancer cells evade immune system

weak surface antigens allow cancer cells to "____ ____" survelliance

this is the induction of suppressor T cells; blocking antibodies bind TAAs preventing recognition

found on tumor cell surfaces, inside tumor cells and fetal cells; may result as cell regains its embryonic capability to differentiate into many cells types

on cancer cells of GI tract; normal cells of fetal gut, liver and pancreas

malignant liver cells and fetal liver cells

this test is done often in men over the age of 50 years old

these originate from embryonal ectoderm(skin, glands) and endoderm (mucous membrane of respiratory tract, GI and GU tract)

these originate from embryonal mesoderm (connective tissue, muscle, bone and fat)

lymphomas and leukemia's originate from

in this grade of cancer cells differ slightly

in this grade of cancer cells are more abnormal and moderately differentiated

in this grade of caner cells are very abnormal and poorly differentiated

in this grade of cancer cells are undifferentiated and cells are immature

this cancer classification is considered "cancer in situ"

in this cancer classification the tumor is limited to tissue origin and has localized tumor growth

in this cancer classification the cancer is limited to local spread

in this cancer classification there is extensive local and regional spread

in this cancer classification there is metastasis

in the TNM classification system anatomic extent of disease is based on 3 parameters and that is

this involves histologic examination by a pathologist of a piece of tissue to determine cancer

this method of tx focuses on removing only as much tissue as necessary and spare the normal tissue

good prognostic indicators for cancer include what?

this is used to relieve spinal cord compression

this Tx effects cells at a cellular level and is effective against dividing cells so cancer cells escape death by staying in G₀ phase(resting)

the bodies response to products of cellular destruction(chemo)

acute chemotherapy toxicity occurs during or immed. after drug administration and causes what S/S

the delayed effects of chemotherapy are numerous and include

chronic toxicity's of chemotherapy include involve damage to what major organs

dosages of chemo drugs are calculated according to what

produces ionization of atomic particles when absorbed in tissue; generates free radicals that break bonds in DNA, causing loss of proliferative capacity

cellular damage may be lethal or sublethal; normal tissues are usually able to recover; cancer cells permanently damaged

these radiation beam expend energy quickly, penetrate a short distance, and useful for skin lesions

these radiation beams have greater depth of penetration; suitable for optimal dosing of internal targets while sparing skin

this form of radiation therapy focuses on siza and orientation of radiation beams, permits max Tx of tumor, uses immobilization devices to help pt be stable

in this type of radiation Tx the pt is exposed to radiation from a megavolt machine

this form of radiation therapy involved minimal exposure to healthy tissue; used in combination with teletherapy

the common side effects of chemotherapy and radiation include

most common side effect of chemotherapy

a patient should be on a diet that is nonirritating,

dry skin should be lubricated with nonirritating lotion or solution that contains no....

pulmonary effects of cancer may be _____ and ____

the 7 warning signs of cancer are:
C
A
U
T
I
O
N

increase in number of density of normal cells. hyperplastic cells are under normal DNA control. Can become malignant

dividing cells differentiate into cell types not normally found in that location of the body. Cells under normal control and are reversible when the disruptive condition ceases. EX Smoking

represents a loss of DNA control over differentiation occurring in response to adverse conditions. can become cancerous under certain conditions.

regression of a cell to an immature or undifferentiated cell type. division is no longer under DNA control. not reversible and usually malignant

any new or continued cell growth not needed for normal development or replacement of dead or damaged tissues; always abnormal even if it causes no harm

therapy with biological response modifiers which are natural substances produced in small amounts by the bodys immune system

these have been reported several years after radiation therapy

induce biologic activities that activate immune system and alternate function in cancer cells
-stimulates proliferation of T and B cells
-activates natural killer cells

major toxicity results in changes in permeability and vascular tone; shift from intravascular to extravascular results in fluid depletion
-leads to hypotension
-bone marrow suppression

capable of binding to specific target cells to ultimately destroy them; administered by infusion

major side effects of monoclonal antibodies are

inhibits tyrosine kinase, the enzyme regulating cell proliferation and survival
-side effects(rash, dry skin, fatigue, fever, interstitial lung disease)

inhibits activity which regulates cell growth
side effects(bone marrow suppression, peripheral neuropathy, fatigue, diarrhea, N/V)

binds vascular endothelial growth factor
-side effects(HTN, colon bleeding, inpaired wound healing, thromboembolism, hemorrhage)

glycoproteins that stimulate production, maturation, regulation and activation of cells in hematologic system; may hasten recovery from bone marrow depression

CSF responsible for stimulating erythroid precursor cells to produce mature RBCs
-produced in Kidneys

platelet growth factor; indicated for prevention of severe thrombocytopenia and reduction of need for platelet transfusion
-adverse effects(edema, dyspnea, tachycardia, nausea, mouth sores)

what is given to control severe chills

in this prodecure tumor cells eradicated and bone marrow is rescued by infusing healthy cells

in this procedure stem cells are acquired from donor who matched human leukocyte antigens (HLA); large doses of systemic therapy are administered to kill all tumor cells

in this procedure stem cells are obtained from one identical twin and infused into other twin bc they have identical HLA

in this procedure patients receive their own stem cells following myeloblative chemotherapy; stem cells are harvested, treated, scored and infused; usually takes 4-6 weeks

harvesting stem cells from bone marrow is a procedure performed in the OR under what anestheria

in this procedure cell separation equipment sort stem cells out and other cells are returned to donor; takes 2-4 hrs; multiple collections may be needed

with this T lymphocytes from donor stem cells recognize recipient as foreign and attacks organs such as skin, liver and GI

transfer of exogenous genes into cells of patients in an effort to correct defective gene; target healthy cells to enhance their immune function; target cancer cells to destroy them
-used to prevent angiogenesis

S/S of superior vena cava syndrome are

S/S of spinal cord compression are

S/S of third space syndrome which is shifting of fluid from vascular space to interstitial space

fluid accumulates in pericardial sac or tumor
S/S heavy chest, SOB, dyspnea