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psychological disorder
deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns
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attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one of more three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
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medical model
the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes that these "mental illnesses" can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital
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DSM-IV
the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition), a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. Presently distributed in an updated "text-revision" (DSM-IV-TR)
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anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
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generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
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panic disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
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phobia
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
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obsessive-compusive disorder (OCD)
an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
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post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
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mood disorders
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
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major depressive disorder
a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest of pleasure in most activities
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mania
a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
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bipolar disorder
a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania (Formerly manic-depressive disorder)
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schizophrenia
a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
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delusions
false believes, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
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personality disorders
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
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antisocial personality disorder
a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
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