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U.S. health care spending growth _______ in 2008
decelerated
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Spending growth _______ for nearly all health care goods and services, particularly for hospitals.
slowed
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Prescription drug spending growth __________ from 4.5 percent to a percent in 2008.
decelerated
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Drug prices ________ in 2008.
increased
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Hospital spending growth ________ a certain percent in 2008. But was slowest rate sicne 1998.
increased
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Winning approval for new drug development takes on average how long?
15 years
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A ________ is a result of a process
outcome
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A ________ is a result that achieves the goal of the process.
good outcome
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This is the attempt to identify, measure, and evaluate the end results of health care services.
Outcomes research
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Goal for health care process
Improving blood pressure and blood gas readings is?
Improving patient's physiologic status
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Goal for health care process
Premature death, secondary infections, return hospitalizations is doing what?
Avoiding adverse effects of care
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Goal of health care process
Shortness of breath and pain ?
Reduce the patient's signs and symptoms
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Goal of health care process
Ability to ambulate or climb stairs, anxiety about health, ability to work?
To improve the patient's functional status and well-being
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Goal of health care process
Good relations with staff and facilities?
To achieve patient satisfaction
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Goal of health care process
Avoid unnecessary treatments or diagnostic tests?
To minimize the cost of care
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Goal of health care process
To recruit new patients?
To maximize revenues
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Three main categories of outcomes of medical care?
Clinical
Economic
Humanistic
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Medical events that occur as a result of the condition or its treatment?
Clinical outcomes
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The direct, indirect, and intangible costs compared with consequences of a medical intervention?
Economic outcomes
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The patient function and well-being or health related quality of life
Humanistic outcomes
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Why Outcomes (5 reasons)?
- Public Policy- no one questioned Rx in old days
- Purchaser demand- people want to know there is a value exchange. As choosing you as my pharmacist what's the value-what can you do for me?
- Quality assurance- Assure the quality of what we do. When take prescription have to ensure quality.
- Clinical Research- Efficacy and Effectiveness (does it do its job in a routine care basis).
- Computerized Medical Record-depends on documentation. Some don't "talk" to each other.
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The systematic, quantitative observation, at a point in time, of outcome indicators.
Outcomes measurement
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The repeated measurement over time of outcome indicators in a manner that permits causal inferences about what produced the observed patient outcomes.
Outcomes monitoring
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The use of information and knowledge gained from outcome monitorying to achieve optimal patient outcomes through improved clinical decision making and service delivery.
Outcomes management
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To describe in quantitative terms the impact of routinely delivered care on patients' lives.
Reasons for Assessing Outcomes
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To establish a more accurate and reliable basis for clinical decision making (by clinicans and patients, 3rd party payers).
Reasons for Assessing Outcomes
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To evaluate the effectiveness of care and to identify opportunities for improvement.
Reasons for Assessing Outcomes
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To guard against dimishing quality in the service of increasing efficiency.
Reasons for Assessing Outcomes
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Medications can have an important effect on patient outcomes and the use of other health care resources.
Why Pharmacists
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Pharmacists are in a key position to assume a prominent role in the assessment of medications on patient outcomes and total health care.
Why Pharmacists
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Pharmacists can and must be proactive in evaluating the quality and value of pharmaceutical care.
Why Pharmacists
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Pharmacists must quantify cost savings achieved by providing pharmaceutical care.
Why Pharmacists
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It has been suggested that health care purchasers in the future will use outcomes management to reward efficiency and effectiveness in the health care system.
Why Pharmacists
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The description and analysis of the cost of drug therapy to health care systems and society.
Pharmacoeconomics
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Pharmacoeconomic research identifies, measures, and compares the ______ and _______ of pharmaceutical products and services.
Costs, Consequences
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Pharmacoeconomics uses _____ for examining the _______ of alternative drug therapies and other medical interventions.
tools, impact
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The interest in ________ the value of medicines and services combined with economic concerns has led to this new field.
quantifying
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Questions Pharmacoeconomics can help address?
- -What drugs should be invluded on Medicaid formulary?
- -What is the best drug for a particular patient?
- -What is the best drug for a pharmaceutical manufacturer to develop?
- -What is the benfit of a clinical pharmacy service?
- -What are the patient outcomes of various treatment modalities?
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Potential Benefits of Pharmacoeconomics for Pharmacists?
-Assess the value of the services and products pharmacists provide
-Assist in choosing between competing treatment alternatives
-Provide data necessary to make better medication uage decisions
-Balance cost with quality and paitent outcome
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The magnitude of resources consumed.
Cost
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The monetary value of resources consumed in the care process.
Cost
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Costs associated with a medical intervention.
Direct Medical Costs
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Hospital Care
Direct Medical Cost
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Professional Services
Direct Medical Cost
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Drugs and Supplies
Direct Medical Cost
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Costs, other than direct costs borne by patients and their families as a direct results of illness or treatment.
Direct nonmedical costs
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Transportation to site
Direct nonmedical
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Lodging for family during treatment
Direct nonmedical
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hiring help for home care
direct nonmedical
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The cost of reduced productivity resulting from illness or treatment.
Indirect costs
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Lost wages
Indirect costs
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unpaid family assistance in the home
indirect cost
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Hard to quantify, Costs related to pain and suffering.
Intangible costs
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Impaired physical functioning
Intangible cost
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decreased mental function
Intangible costs
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The effects, outputs, outcomes of the service or drug therapy.
Consequences
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The was from which the evaluation will be undertaken
Perspective
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