-
myelinate cns axons
oligodendrocytes
-
provide structural framework
oligodendrocytes
-
remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis
microglia
-
form scar tissue after injury
astrocytes
-
absorb and recycle neurotransmitters
astrocytes
-
regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations
astrocytes
-
provide structural support
astrocytes
-
maintain blood barrier
astrocytes
-
sensory input goes to the sensory
receptor
-
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) consists of:
CRANIAL + SPINAL NERVES
-
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) consists of:
BRAIN + SPINAL CORD
BRAIN + SPINAL CORD
-
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS CLASSICALLY DIVIDED INTO:
- CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) BRAIN + SPINAL CORD
- PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) CRANIAL + SPINAL NERVES
-
THE blankCONSISTS OF A SELECTIVE BARRIER BETWEEN THE INTRAVASCULAR SPACE AND THE BRAIN WHICH PREVENTS THE PENETRATION OF CERTAIN SUBST. INTO THE CEREBRAL SPACE
-
THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER CONSISTS OF A SELECTIVE BARRIER BETWEEN THE INTRAVASCULAR SPACE AND THE BRAIN WHICH PREVENTS THE PENETRATION OF CERTAIN SUBST. INTO THE CEREBRAL SPACE
-
CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IS
AUTO-REGULATED BY LOCAL MET. FACTORS WITH [], [] AND [] AS THE MOST IMPORTANT ONES.
[CO2], [H+] AND [O2]
-
CAN DETECT CHANGES IN THE ANGLE OF THE HEAD OF A COUPLE OF HAIRS WIDTH
VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
-
TOUCH
- 5 MILLIONS SENSORS IN THE SKIN.
- EACH HAIR HAS ONE NERVE IN THE ROOT-SO SENSITIVE THAT IT CAN REACT TO DUST.
- THE SENSORS IN THE TONGUE CAN DETECT 9 000 DIFFERENT CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES.
-
SMELL
- CAN DETECT 10 000 DIFFERENT SMELLS (SOME OF THEM CAN’T BE DESCRIBED)
- SMELL SIGNALS ARE FED TO THE AREA CONTROLLING EMOTION AND MEMORY Þ
- SMELL IS GOOD TO BRING BACK MEMORIES AND INFLUENCE THE MOOD.
-
85 CUBIC INCHES
OF SPACE INSIDE THE SKULL
-
THE NEURONS OF THE CNS ARE VERY DEPENDENT ON blank METABOLISM.
THE NEURONS OF THE CNS ARE VERY DEPENDENT ON AEROBIC METABOLISM.
-
WITHOUT BLOOD FLOW FOR blank THE BRAIN IS REDUCED TO A STATE OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS
AFTER blank, THIS STATE IS USUALLY IRREVERSIBLE.
- WITHOUT BLOOD FLOW FOR 20 sec. THE BRAIN IS REDUCED TO A STATE OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS
- AFTER 4-5 MINUTES, THIS STATE IS USUALLY IRREVERSIBLE.
-
DESPITE BEING JUST blank% OF THE BODY WEIGHT (brain)
2
-
DESPITE BEING JUST 2% OF THE BODY WEIGHT,THE BRAIN USES ± blank OF THE TOTAL CARDIAC OUTPUT
- THE BRAIN USES ± 15% OF THE
- TOTAL CARDIAC OUTPUT
- AND CONSUMES 20% OF THE TOTAL AVAILABLE O2.
-
CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IS
AUTO-REGULATED BY blank METabolism
- CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IS
- AUTO-REGULATED BY LOCAL MET
-
BLOOD SUPPLY IS TYPICALLY DETERMINED BY THEblank ACTIVITY
BLOOD SUPPLY IS TYPICALLY DETERMINED BY THE METABOLIC ACTIVITY
-
MASSIVE INFARCTION
- EXTENDED FLOWS
- BELOW 15 ml/100g/min
- ÞMASSIVE INFARCTION
-
MORE METABOLICALLY ACTIVE blankMATTER HAS AblankFLOW THAN the blank MATTER
MORE METABOLICALLY ACTIVE GRAY MATTER HAS A increased FLOW THAN THE WHITE MATTER
-
THERE'RE CERTAIN NEURONS IN THE CNS WHICH ARE MORE VULNERABLE TO HYPOXIA.
(SELECTED LAYERS OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND CEREBELLAR AND CEREBRAL CORTICES)
-
TOTAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IS ± blankml/min SUPPLIED BY THE TWO INTERNAL CAROTID ART. AND THE BASILAR ARTERY,
TOTAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IS ± 750ml/min SUPPLIED BY THE TWO INTERNAL CAROTID ART. AND THE BASILAR ARTERY,
-
TOTAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IS ± 750 ml/min SUPPLIED BY THE TWO blank ART. AND blankTHE ARTERY,
INTERNAL CAROTID, basiliar
-
TOTAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IS ± 750 ml/min SUPPLIED BY THE TWO INTERNAL CAROTID ART. AND THE BASILAR ARTERY,
EACH SUPPLYING
± blankml/min WITH TOTAL INTRACRANIAL BLOOD VOL. OF 100-150 ml AT ANY GIVEN TIME
- TOTAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IS ± 750 ml/min SUPPLIED BY THE TWO INTERNAL CAROTID ART. AND THE BASILAR ARTERY,
- EACH SUPPLYING
- ± 250ml/min WITH TOTAL INTRACRANIAL BLOOD VOL. OF 100-150 ml AT ANY GIVEN TIME
-
INTRACRANIAL CIRCULATING POOL TURNS OVER blanktimes/min.
INTRACRANIAL CIRCULATING POOL TURNS OVER 5-7 times/min.
-
TOTAL INTRACRANIAL BLOOD VOL. OF blankml AT ANY GIVEN TIME
TOTAL INTRACRANIAL BLOOD VOL. OF 100-150 ml AT ANY GIVEN TIME
-
AVERAGE CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW
= blank OF BRAIN TISSUE/min.
- AVERAGE CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW
- = 55 ml/100g OF BRAIN TISSUE/min.
-
ISCHEMIA
IF¯if blood flow decreased TO LESS THAN
- IF¯blood flow decreased TO LESS THAN 30-35ml/100g/min Þ ISCHEMIA
-
INFARCTION
- IF blood flow BELOW 20 ml/100g/min
- Þ INFARCTION
-
THE BRAIN USES ± blank% OF THE TOTAL CARDIAC OUTPUT
15
-
THE BRAIN USES CONSUMES blank% OF THE TOTAL AVAILABLE O2.
20
-
THE BRAIN USES ± 15% OF THE TOTAL CARDIAC OUTPUT AND CONSUMES blank%OF THE TOTAL AVAILABLE O2.
THE BRAIN USES ± 15% OF THE TOTAL CARDIAC OUTPUT AND CONSUMES 20% OF THE TOTAL AVAILABLE O2.
-
line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cavity)
ependymal cells
-
assisting in producing, circulating and monitoring of cerbral spinal fluid
ependymal cells
-
cells in the central nervous system
- astrocytes
- oligodendrocytes
- microglia
- ependymal cells
-
cells in the peripheral nervous system
- schwann cells
- satellite cells
-
surround neuron cell body in ganglia
satellite cell
-
surround all axons in pns
schwann cell
-
responsible for myelination of peripheral axons
schwann cell
-
participate in repair process after injury
schwann cell
-
fluid in subdural space
serous fluid
-
fluid in subarachnoid space
csf fluid
-
periosteum and dura mater
one functional layer
-
between dura mater and arachnoid mater
subdural space
-
between arachnoid mater and pia mater
subarachnoid space
-
vessels in brain located in
subarachnoid space
-
bound tightly to brain
directly attached to brain surface and not removable
pia mater
-
potential space
subdural space
-
dural venous sinus ( 2 parts) with falx cerbri in between
superior and inferior sagittal sinus
-
2 spaces
subdural and subarachnoid
-
cerebrum divided into
- dorsal (superior)
- ventral (inferior)
-
brainsten divided into
- anterior(ventral)
- posterior (dorsal)
-
-
precentral gyrus
motor cortex
-
somatic sensory cortex
postcentral gyrus
-
ventricles
Ventricles: Lateral ventricles (2), third ventricle, fourth ventricle
-
produce CSF which fills ventricles and other parts of brain and spinal cord
-
-
Substances do not pass between cells but through due to tight junctions of blood endothelial cells
Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
-
Similar to serum with most of proteins removed
csf
-
Bathes brain and spinal cord
csf
-
Provides a protective cushion around CNS
csf
-
•Produced by ependymal cells
csf
-
•Provides some nutrients to CNS tissues
csf
-
connective tissue membranes
- dura mater (superficial)
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater (bound tightly to the brain)
- spaces
- subdural (serous fluid)
- subarachnoid(csf)
-
CONSISTS ON THE ENTIRE NEURONAL CIRCUITRY THAT CONTROLS EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR AND MOTIVATIONAL DRIVES
THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
-
CINGULATE GYRUS, SEPTAL AREA AND PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS
TELENCEPHALON
-
IT’S A COLLECTION OF
INTERCONNECTED BUT NOT CONTIGUOUS
STRUCTURES IN THE TELENCEPHALON (CINGULATE GYRUS, SEPTAL AREA AND PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS), DIENCEPHALON AND BRAIN STEM
limbic system
-
corpus striatum (basal nuclei)
- caudate nucleus
- lentiform nucleus
-
putamen
globus pallidus
lentiform nucleus
-
regions of the brain
- cerbral hemisphere
- cerebellum
- diencephalon
- brainstem
-
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