Exam practice Q's

antigenic drift involves small/large changes in the viron structure. Which size change?

antigentic shift occurs because of mutation/aquisition of new genes. which is it?

which one need's a co-infection to occur, antigenic drift of shift?

which of the following is NOT considered a function of antibody?
A. they can enhance phagocytosis
B. They can produce toxins that directly kill bacteria
C. they can bind 2 microbial cells together, leading to agglutination
D. they can bind to crucial parts of toxins and deactivate them

what type of immunity is produced by the body when a person recieves a vaccine?
A. artificially acquired passive immunity
B. naturally acquired active immunity
C. artifically acquired active immunity
D. inborn immunity
E. naturally aquired immunity

what type of immunity is produced by the body when an infant recieves breastmilk?
A. artificially acquired active immunity
B. naturally aquired passive immunity
C. naturally aquired active immunity
D. inborn immuniy
E. artificially aquired passive immunity

what type of immunity is produced by the body when a prson recieves anti-toxin?
A. inborn immuniy
B. artificially acquired active immunity
C. artificially aquired passive immunity
D. naturally aquired passive immunity
E. naturally aquired active immunity

the humoral immune response is attributed action of?
A. monocytes
B. B cells
C. neutrophils
D. T cells

Antigens are?

pyrogens stimulate which of the following processes?
A. fever
B. margination
C. blood clotting
D. interferon

which of the following is a type of phagocytic cell?
A. neutrophil
B. basophil
C. erythrocyte
D. monocyte

which cell leaves the blood stream to become a macrophage?
A. neutrophil
B. basophil
C. monocyte
D. lymphocyte
E. eosiniphil

which of the following cells increase in # during a helminth infection?
A. neutrophils
B. macrophages
C. eosinophils
D. basophils

is antibodies specific or nonspecific?

is memory specific or non-specific?

is plasma cells specific or non-specific?

is lymphocytes specific or non-specific?

is lysozyme specific or non-specific?

is immediate specific or non-specific?

is T helper cell's specific or non-specific?

is skin specific or non-specific?

is mucous membranes specific or non-specific?

is a fever specific or non-specific?

where is the lymphatic system found?

what is the function of dendritic cells?

what are the 4 or 5 steps of phagocytosis?

tell me the key words associated with the malaria cycle

whats the hallmark sign of malaria & why phisiologically does it occur?

viral infections can be any of the following except?
A. slow
B. temporary
C. latent
D. persistent
E. acute

acute infections are represented by?

a person who is asymptomatic for viral infection is...

cytotoic T cells can be killed by?

what are the chacteristics of latent infections?

latent viruses can integrate into

what helps to determine viral pathogenesis?

what is most improtant for a viral infection to occur?

when a virus is released from the basement membrane of a host cell it will

iatrogenic transmission of virus is caused by?

viral vaccines are usually composed of?

waht are some things that can affect virulence of a virus?

the vaccine taht is most potentially dangerous contains?

what are the requirement s for an effective vaccine?

protozan parasites are?

plasmodium falciparum is the most ___ of the malaria causing

what do flagellates do?

protozoan parasites can be...

the body of a worm is covered by?

what type of worm is a nematode?

what type of worm is a tramatode?

the severity of a helminth infection is directly related to?

the organism that causes malaria is transmitted by?

the intermediate host for plasmodium species is?

merozoites of plasmodium are found in?

transmission of helminthic disease to human is usually by?

what do tapeworms eat?

Ringworm is caused by?

what does mycology mean?

fungal plasma membranes cotnain?

fungal cell walls contain?

the branching structures seen in fungi are called?

succesful host defense against fungal infection are?

the most commonly seen yeast infections are caused by?

what are non-specifc defenses?

the innate response includes all of the following except?
A. phagocytosis
B. activation of complement
C. inflammation
D. production of interferon
E. production of antibody

which of the following is not a mechanical barrier to protect the skin & mucous membranes from infection?
A. lysozyme
B. layers of cells
C. gastric juices
D. saliva
E. tears

what is the purpose of the mucocillary escalator?

what do tears cotnain?

persipiration inhibits bacteria because?

toll-like receptors are responsible for all of the following except.
A. regonitionof host cell DNA
B. recognition of flagellar proteins
C. recognition of structures on bacterial pathogens
D. recognition of viral double-stranded RNA
E. recognition of peptidoglycan

what cells are involved in the innate response?

define diapedesis

margination is the process in which WBCs...

the primary phagocytes in the blood are?

the most phagocytic WBCs are?

what are the characteristics of cytokines?

what mediators are released by mast cells?

dendritic cells found in the skin are called?

NKC's are involved in..

phagolysomes are formed during which phase of phagocytosis?

the complement system is activated by...

the classical pathway for activation of the complement system requires?

gamma interferon is produced by?

the antibody response is part of the?

specifity is seen in each of the following except
A. adaptive
B. cellular
C. antigen-antibody complexes
D. innate
E. humoral

adaptive response relies upon distinguishing

presentation of antigen is done by?

antibody is produced by?

T cells mature in the?

B cells mature in?

there are two classes of T cells called

clonal selection invovles of the following except
A. reversible genetic rearrangement
B. rearrangement of gene segments
C. irreversible genetic rearrangement
D. specific antigen receptors
E. passage of genetic rearrangement to progeny

The thymus becomes filled w/ activated T cells when?

antibody generally recognizes a specific

the antibody that is found in colostrum (mothers milk) is?

T cells that have not been presented w/ antigen are reffered to as?

immunological memory

all of the following are examples of features of the immune response except
A. inflammation
B. autoimmunity
C. primary immunodeficiency
D. AIDs

HIV makes its entry form all of the following except
A. M cells of the digestive system
B. mucousal system
C. needlestick
D. respiratory

the number of T cells drops bellow 200/cubic millimeter in which pahse of HIV infection?

major mode of HIV transmission is?

intial symptom of HIV infection is?

antigenic variation is caused by?

latency is most often seen in?

defects in antibody production can result in?

which of the following immunoglobin molecules is associate w/ hypersensitivity and allergy?

which cells are most prominently involved in hypersensitivity reactions?

whcih of the following best describe the pattern of microbial death?
A. all the cells in a culture die at once
B. pattern varies depending on the species
C. all of the cells in a culture are never killed
D. the pattern varies depending on the antimicrobial agent
E. the cells in a pop die at constant rate

bacterial death will result from damage of what structures?

sterilization involves?

which factors affect the rate of bacterial cell death?

cidal/stasis of disenctant can be determined by?

effectiveness of chemical disinfectants varies w/?

which of the following substances is the least effective antimicrobial agent?
A. phenol
B. soap
C. iodine
D. alcohol
E. cationic detergents

which of the following is unaffected by alcohol?
A. endospores
B. fungi
C. viruses
D. bacteria

pasturization kills?

which of the following can sterilize?
A. autoclaving
B. pasteurization
C. regrigeration
D. freezing