Approximately what percentage of the world's gross domestic product is spent on projects?
25 percent
Which of the following is not a potential advantage of using good project managment?
B. lower cost of capital
A ____________ is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result.
project
Which of the following is not an attribute of a project?
A. projects involve little uncertainty
Which of the following is not part of the triple constraint of project management?
C. meeting communications goals
_____________ is the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.
Project management
Project portfolio management addresses __________ goals of an organization, while project management addresses ___________ goals.
strategic, tactical
Several application development projects done for the same functional group might best be managed as part of a
program
Which of the following is not one of the top ten skills or competencies of an effective project manager?
C. technical skills
What is the certification program called that the Project Management Institute provides?
Project Management Professional (PMP)
To handle complex situations effectively, project managers need to take a holistic view of a project and understand how it relates to the larger organization. ________ describes this holistic view of carrying out projects within the context of the organization.
systems thinking
________ addresses the business, technological, and organizational issues associated with creating, maintaining, and making a change to a system
systems management
Which of the following best describes a problem-solving approach that requires defining the scope of the system, dividing it into its components, and then identifying and evaluating its problems, opportunities, constraints, and needs?
systems analysis
Which of the following is an overall model for thinking about things as systems?
systems philosophy
The idea of addressing the three spheres of systems management - business, ________, and technology - can have a huge impact on selecting and managing projects successfully
organization
Which organizational frame is very rational and focuses on coordination and control?
A. structural frame
The ________ frame recognizes that there are often mismatches between the needs of the organization and the needs of individuals and groups and works to resolve any potential problems
human resources
Project managers in ________ organizational structures have staff from various functional areas working on their projects
matrix
An organization that uses a ________ organizational structure earns revenue primarily from performing projects for other groups under contract. These companies often hire people specifically to work on particular projects
project
A ________ organizational structure is the hierarchy most people think of when picturing an organizational chart
functional
What is most important about any event in an organization is not what actually happened, but what it means. This philosophy describes the ________ frame
symbolic
In organizational culture, the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment describes a
open-systems focus
Some projects have a senior manager called a ________ who acts as a key proponent for a project
champion
A ________ is a collection of project phases
project life cycle
In the ________ life cycle phase, the project team creates a definitive or very accurate cost estimate, delivers the required work, and provides performance reports to stakeholders.
implementation
In a ________ life cycle, the project team spends a large portion of the project effort attempting to clarify the requirements of the entire system and then producing a design
predictive
Important attributes of the ________ life cycle model are that the projects are mission driven and component based, using time-based cycles to meet target dates
Adaptive Software Development(ASD)
The waterfall, spiral, incremental build, prototype, and Rapid Application Development (RAD) models are examples of a ________ life cycle model
predictive
Known as phase exits or kill points, ________ are very important for keeping projects on track and determining if they should be continued, redirected, or terminated
management reviews
Which of the following is a Web-based conferencing tool that a multinational organization can use to record demos that can be stored in the organization's wiki?
WebEx
Project management ________ progress from initiation activities to planning activities, executing activities, monitoring and controlling activities, and closing activities
process groups
Which project management process group includes devising and maintaining a workable scheme to ensure that the project address the organization's needs
planning
Examples of the ________ project management process group include acquiring and developing the project team, performing quality assurance, distributing information, managing stakeholder expectations, and conducting procurements.
executing
________ processes take place during each phase of a project. Therefore, you cannot equate process groups with project phases
Initiating
A common ________ process is performance reporting, where project stakeholders can identify any necessary changes that may be required to keep the project on track
monitoring and controlling
Archiving project files, documenting lessons learned, and receiving formal acceptance of the delivered work as part of the phase or project are all activities often involved in which project management process group?
closing
The level of activity and length of each process group varies for every project. Normally, the ________ processes require the most resources and time, followed by the planning processes.
executing
The ________ processes are usually the shortest and require the least amount of resources and time
initiating and closing
Research suggests that companies working to implement best practices should spend at least ________ percent of project time in initiating and planning
20
If changes to the project objectives or plans are required, ________ processes ensure that these changes are made efficiently and effectively to meet stakeholder needs and expectations.
monitoring and controlling
The majority of project management processes occur as part of the ________ process group
planning
A ________ describes how things should be done, and different organizations often have different ways of doing things.
methodology
Which of the following is an iterative software development process that focuses on team productivity and delivers software best practices to all team members?
Rational Unified Process (RUP)
An organization may initiate information technology projects for several reasons, but the most important reason is to ________.
support business objectives
A business case often includes which of the following?
D. all of these
Which of the following is an output of project initiation?
a project charter
Which of the following is a common output of the planning process?
a. identifying key stakeholders
b. creating the project management plan
c. creating the procurement management plan
d. assigning the project manager
b creating the project managemnt plan
Which of the following is a common output of the closing process?
C. a lessons learned report
The ________ process involves gaining stakeholder and customer acceptance of the final products and services and bringing the project, or project phase, to an orderly end.
closing
Which of the following is an output of the monitoring and controlling processes?
a. qualified sellers list
b. the stakeholders register
c. change requests
d. the project charter
change requests
Project ________ management involves coordinating all of the other project management knowledge areas throughout a project's life cycle
integration
Which of the following primary processes of integration management involves identifying, evaluating, and managing changes throughout the project life cycle?
A. performing integrated change control
Which of the following primary processes of integration management involves carrying out the project management plan by performing the activities included in it?
C. directing and managing project execution
Which of the following primary processes of integration management involves overseeing activities to meet the performance objectives of the project?
a. performing integrated change control
b. directing and managing project execution
c. developing the preliminary project scope statement
d. monitoring and controlling the project work.
monitoring and controlling the project work
________ management involves identifying and managing the points of interaction between various elements of the project
Interface
Which of the following involves determining long-term objectives by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of an organization, studying opportunities and threats in the business environment, predicting future trends, and projecting the need for new products and services?
A. strategic planning
After identifying strategic goals, the next step in the planning process for selecting information technology projects is to perform a ________.
business area analysis
One method for selecting projects based on broad organizational needs is to determine whether they first meet three important criteria: need, ________, and will.
funding
It is often easier to get approval and funding for projects that address ________ because the organization must respond to these categories of projects to avoid hurting their business
problems or directives
An organization should consider only projects with a positive ________ if financial value is a key criterion for project selection
net present value
Which of the following describes benefits minus costs or income minus expenses?
A. cash flow
What is also called the capitalization rate or opportunity cost of capital?
discount rate
In net present value (NPV) analysis, the ________ is a multiplier for each year based on the discount rate and year.
discount factor
________ is the result of subtracting the project costs from the benefits and then dividing by the costs
Return on investment (ROI)
You can determine a project's ________ by finding what discount rate results in an NPV of zero for the project
internal rate of return(IRR)
A ________ is a tool that provides a systematic process for selecting projects based on many criteria. These criteria can include factors such as meeting broad organizational need or addressing problems, opportunities, or directives.
weighted scoring model
A(n) ________ is a methodology that converts an organization's value drivers, such as customer service, innovation, operational efficiency, and financial performance, to a series of defined metrics.
balanced scorecard
After top management decides on which projects to pursue, it needs to create and distribute documentation to authorize project initiation. This documentation can take many forms, but one common form is the ________.
project charter
A ________ consists of an approved project management plan plus approved changes
baseline
________ involves identifying, evaluating, and managing changes throughout the project life cycle
Integrated change control
One of the most important and most difficult aspects of project management is defining the ________ of the project
scope
________ can be product-related, such as a piece of hardware or software, or process-related, such as a planning document or meeting minutes.
Deliverables
Which of the following processes of project scope management involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them?
collecting requirements
What process of project scope management involves subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components
creating the WBS
Key project stakeholders, such as the customer and sponsor for the project, inspect and then formally accept the deliverables of the project during the ________ process of project scope management.
scope verification
What process of project scope management involves reviewing the project charter and preliminary scope statement created during the initiation process and adding more information during the planning process as requirements are developed and change requests are approved?
scope definition
________ is the first step in project scope management and is often the most difficult
collecting requirements
The project scope statement, stakeholder requirements documentation, and organizational process assets are the primary inputs for creating a ________.
work breakdown structure
A ________ represents the lowest level of work that the project manager is using to monitor and control the project
work package
One approach for constructing a WBS is the ________, in which you use a similar project's WBS as a starting point.
analogy approach
In which approach to creating a WBS do team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible?
bottom-up approach
Most project managers consider the ________ of WBS construction to be conventional; you start with the largest items of the project and break them into their subordinate items
top-down approach
Instead of writing tasks down in a list or immediately trying to create a structure for tasks, the ________ allows people to write and even draw pictures of ideas in a nonlinear format.
mind-mapping approach
What is a basic principle that applies to creating any good WBS and its WBS dictionary?
A WBS item is the responsibility of only one individual, even though many people may be working on it.
The approved project scope statement and its associated WBS and WBS dictionary form the
scope baseline
Even when the project scope is fairly well defined, many information technology projects suffer from ________, which is the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger
scope creep
The project management plan, requirements documentation, the requirements traceability matrix, and validated deliverables are the main inputs for ________.
scope verification
________ is the difference between planned and actual performance.
Variance
________ uses highly organized and intensive workshops to bring together project stakeholders - the sponsor, users, business analysts, programmers, and so on - to jointly define and design information systems
Joint Application Design (JAD)
________ is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them
Use case modeling
What processe of project time management involves identifying and documenting the relationships between project activities?
activity sequencing
Activity resource requirements, a resource breakdown structure, requested changes, and updates to the activity attributes and resource calendars are the main outputs of ________.
activity resource estimating
Which of the following processes of project time management involves identifying the specific activities that the project team members and stakeholders must perform to produce the project deliverables?
activity definition
What process of project time management involves estimating the number of work periods that are needed to complete individual activities?
activity duration estimating
A(n) ________ on a project is a significant event that normally has no duration.
milestone
A project team might follow good practice and not start the detailed design of a new information system until the users sign off on all of the analysis work. This is an example of a(n) ________ dependency.
discretionary
A(n) ________ dependency is inherent in the nature of the work being performed on a project and is sometimes referred to as hard logic
mandatory
A ________ is a schematic display of the logical relationships among, or sequencing of, project activities.
network diagram
What describes a relationship where the "from" activity must be finished before the "to" activity can be finished?
finish-to-finish
On several information technology projects, a group of activities all start simultaneously, such as the many tasks that occur when a new system goes live. This is an example of which type of relationship?
start-to-start
A ________ is a hierarchical structure that identifies the project's resources by category and type.
resource breakdown structure
The planned schedule dates for activities are called the ________.
baseline dates
________ is a network diagramming technique used to predict total project duration
Critical path method (CPM)
________ describes the amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the early start date of any immediately following activities
Free slack
In critical path analysis, a ________ determines the early start and early finish dates for each activity
forward pass
What involves doing activities in parallel that you would normally do in sequence?
fast tracking
________ is a method of scheduling that considers limited resources when creating a project schedule and includes buffers to protect the project completion date
Critical chain scheduling
There are many issues involved in controlling changes to project schedules. It is important first to ensure that the project schedule is ________.
realistic
________ states that work expands to fill the time allowed
Parkinson's Law
________ occurs when a resource works on more than one task at a time
multitasking
Many organizations claim that using project management provides advantages, such as ________.
B. all of these
According to the Project Management Institute, a(n) ________ is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result
project
If the vice president of sales initiates a project to improve direct product sales using the Internet, he or she might be the ________.
project sponsor
To create a successful project, a project manager must consider scope, time, and cost and balance these often-competing goals. This is sometimes referred to in project management as the ________.
triple constraint
________ are the people involved in or affected by project activities and include the project sponsor, project team, support staff, customers, users, suppliers, and even opponents of the project
Stakeholders
Project ________ management involves defining and managing all the work required to complete the project successfully
scope
Project ________ management ensures that the project will satisfy the stated or implied needs for which it was undertaken.
scope
Project ________ management involves generating, collecting, disseminating, and storing project information
communications
Project ________ management involves acquiring goods and services for a project from outside the performing organization.
procurement
Project ________ management is an overarching function that affects and is affected by all of the other knowledge areas
integration
Motivation techniques, empathic listening, team building exercises, resource histograms, and project management charts are examples of the tools and techniques project managers can use in project ________ management
human resources
In many organizations, project managers also support an emerging business strategy of project ________ management, in which organizations group and manage projects as a portfolio of investments that contributed to the entire enterprise's success
portfolio
Which of the following helps projects succeed?
B. executive support
Which IT project portfolio category helps transform business?
venture
Generally, a ________ focuses on long-term goals and big-picture objectives, while inspiring people to reach those goals.
leader
Generally, a ________ often deals with the day-to-day details of meeting specific goals
manager
A ________ is a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a calendar format
Gantt chart
Members of the Navy Polaris missile/submarine project first used ________ in 1958 to help managers model the relationships among project tasks.
network diagrams
By August 2008, there were roughly how many certified Project Management Professionals (PMPs)?
295,000
Microsoft Project is the most widely used project management software today and is an example of a ________ tool
midrange
Which of the following is not part of the three-sphere model for systems management?
C. information
Which of the four frames of organizaitons addresses how meetings are run, employee dress codes, and expected work hours?
symbolic
Personnel in a _____ organizational structure often report to two or more bosses.
matrix
Project work is most successful in an organizational culture where all of the following characteristics are high except_____.
B. control
A _____ is a product or service, such as a technical report, a training session, or hardware, produced or provided as part of a project.
deliverable
Which of the following is not a phase of the traditional project life cycle?
B. systems analysis
What is the term used to describe a framework of the phases involved in developing information systems?
systems development life cycle
Another name for a phase exit is a _____ point.
kill
The nature of information technology projects is different from projects in many other industries because they are very
diverse
What term is used to describe when an organization acquires goods and or sources from an outside source in another country?
offshoring
A _____ is a series of actions directed toward a particular result.
process
_____ processes include coordinating people and other resources to carry out the project plans and produce the products, services, or results of the project or phase.
executing
Which process group normally requires the most resources and time?
executing
What methodology was developed in the UK, defines 45 separate subprocesses, and organizes these into eight process groups?
PRINCE2
What is often completed before initiating a project?
business case
A work breakdown structure, project schedule, and cost estimates are outputs of the _____.
planning
Initiating involves developing a project charter, which is part of the project _____ management knowledge area.
What type of report do project eams create to reflect on what went right and what went wrong with the project?
lessons-learned report
Many people use _____ to have a standard format for preparing various project management documents.
templates
Which of the following processes is not part of project integration management?
B. develop the project business case
What is the last step in the four-stage planning process for selecting information technology projects.
resource allocation
Which of the following is not a best practice for new product development projects?
D. select projects that will take less than two years to complete
A new govenment law requires an organization to report data in a new way. Under which category would a new information system project to provide this data fall?
directive
If estimates for total dicsounted benefits for a project are $120,000 and total discounted costs are $100,000, what is the estimated return on investment (ROI)
20%
A _____ is a document that formally recognizes the existence of a project and provides direction on the project's objectives and management.
project charter
Which of the following items is not normally included in a project charter?
A. Gantt Chart
_____ ensures that the descriptions of the project's products are correct and complete.
Configuration management
Which of the following is not a suggestion for performing integrated change control?
D. minimize change
What tool and technique is used for all of the other project integration management processes?
expert judgment
_____ refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them.
Scope
Which tool or technique for collecting requirements is often the most expensive and time consuming?
interviews
A _____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project.
WBS
What approach to developing a WBS involves writing down or drawing ideas in a nonlinear format?
mind-mapping
Assume you have a project with major catagories called planning, analysis, design, and testing. What level of the WBS would these items fall under?
2
Which of the following is not a best practice that can help in avoiding scope problems on information technoglogy projects?
D. don't involve to many users in scope management
What major restaurant chain terminated a large project after spending $170 million on it, primarily because they realized the project scope was too much to hande?
McDonalds
Scope _____ is often achieved by a customer inspection and then sign-off on key deliverables.
verification
Which of the following is not a suggestion for improving user input?
C. only have meetings as needed, not on a regular basis
Project managment software helps you develop a _____, which serves as a basis for creating Gantt charts, assigning resources, and allocating cost.
WBS
What is the first process in planning a project schedule?
defining activities
Predecessors, successors, logical relationships, leads and lags, resource requirements, constraints, imposed dates, and assumptions are all examples of
activity attributes
As the project manager for a software develpment project, you are helping to develop the project schedule. You decide that writing code for a system should not start until users sign off on the analysis work. What type of dependency is this?
discrtionary
You cannot start editing a technical report until someone else completes the first draft. What type of dependency does this represent?
finish-to-start
Which of the following statements is false?
A.
What symbol on a Gantt chart represents a slipped milestone?
a white diamond
What type of diagram shows planned and actual project schedule information?
a Tracking Gantt chart
_____ is a network diagramming technique used to predict total project duration.
PERT
Which of the following statements is false?
A.
_____ is a method of scheduling that considers limited resources when creating a project schedule and includes buffers to protec the project completion date.
Critical chain scheduling
Scope refers to the length of time a project should take.
False
2. Program management and project management are the same items
False
The critical path always includes the most critical activities
False
PERT weighted average includes a degree of uncertainty or risk in the avg
True
____ involves working with stakeholders to create a document that formally authorizes a project
Project Charter
A Gantt chart displays start and end dates of an activity via:
Calendar Format
The ___ grants project management certification
PMI
The _____ is generally considered the segment with the highest risk
Early Phase
___ is the amount of time an activity can be delayed from its early start without delaying the finish date
Total Slack
____ should serve as a foundation for deciding which projects to pursue
Strategic Planning
The five main process groups for good project management include all but?
Initiating
Controlling
Cost Control
Executing
Closing
Planning
Cost Control
WBS means
Work Breakdown Structure
A __ is a methodology that convert’s a firm’s drivers such as customer service, financial performance to a series of define metrics
Balanced Scorecard
In a weighted scoring model, the sum of all criteria weights must total
100
Duration only includes the actual amount of time spent on an activity
False
____ involves doing activities in parallel that you would normally do in sequence
Fast Tracking
Project scope is a technique that uses branches radiating out of a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas.
False
A milestone is
An object in a Gantt chart that generally has no duration
Which of the following does not generally involve the time value of money?
ROI
NPV
Cash Payback Period
All include the time value of money
All include the time value of money
Which step is often ‘shorted’ by Proj Mgr’s but should not be ignored in the PM process
