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Bio Lecture Ch 41 Vocab
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Hormones
a chemical signal produced in minute amounts in one site
then transported to another site to act on a target cells
Endocrine System
a body system that includes a variety of cells that produce / release hormonal chemical signals into the extracellular fluid
Endocrine Cells
cells that secrete chemical signals
Target Cells
a cell with the appropriate receptors to bind and respond to a particular hormone or other chemical mediator
paracrines
a chemical signal that acts locally near the site of excretion
Autocrines
a chemical signal that binds to / affects the cellthat makes it
Endocrine Gland
an aggregation of secretory cells that secrete hormones in the blood
Exocrine Gland
any gland the secretes to the outside of the body
Neurotransmitters
a substance produced and released by a neuron
diffuses across a synapse and excites / inhibits another cell
Neurohormones
a chemical signal
produced / released by neurons
acts as a hormone
Pheromones
a chemical substance used in communication between organisms of the same species
Juvenile Hormones
a hormone that maintains growth and prevents maturation
Fight-or-flight response
a rapid physiological response to a sudden threat
mediated by epinephrin
Types of chemical hormones (3)
-peptides / proteins
-Steroid hormones
-amine hormones
Hypothalamus
a gland that coordinates water balance, reproduction, temperature regulation, and metabolism
Pituitary
a small gland attached to the base of the brain
its hormones control the activities of other glands
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
a hormone that promotes water reabsorption by the kidneys
produced by neurons in the hypothalamus
released by nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary
Oxytocin
a hormone released by the posterior pituitary
promotes social bonding
Anterior Pituitary
the portion of the pituitary gland that produces tropic hormones
Tropic Hormones
hormones produced by the anterior pituitary
control the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands
Growth Hormone (GH)
a peptide hormone released by the anterior pituitary
stimulates many anabolic processes
Endorphins
molecules in the brain that act as neurotransmitters in pathways that control pain
Enkephalins
molecules in the brain that act as neurotransmitters in pathways that control pain
Portal Blood Vessels
vessels that bridge the gap between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormones (TRH)
a hormone produced by the hypothalamus
stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyrotropin
Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)
a hormone produced by the hypothalamus
stimulates the anterior pituitary to release gonadotropin
Hypothalamic Hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland function (6)
-Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH)
-Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone
-Prolactin-releasing / release-inhibiting hormones
-Growth hormone releasing hormone
-Growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone (somatostatin)
-Corticotropin releasing hormone
Thyroid Gland
a 2 lobed gland
produces thyroxin
Thyroxin
a hormone produced by the thyroid gland
controls many metabolic processes
Thyroglobulin
a glycoprotein which the follicle cells synthesis into tyrosine residue
Thyrotropin (Thyroid-stimulating Hormone)
a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary
stimulates the thyroid gland to produce / release thyroxin
Hyperthyroidism
forms a goiter
excess production of thyroxin
Hypothyroidism
forms a goiter
thyroxine deficiency
Methods for changing blood calcium levels
deposition / absorption of bone
excretion / retention of calcium in the kidneys
absorption of calcium from the digestive tract
Calcitonin
hormone produced by the thyroid gland
lowers blood calcium and promotes bone formation
parathyroid glands
four glands on the posterior of the thyroid
produces and releases parathyroid hormones
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands
stimulates osteoclast activity
raises blood calcium levels
Vitamin D
not a vitamin
can be synthesized (in skin cells)
a hormone
Pancreas
a gland located near the stomach
secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine
releases insulin into the bloodstream
Insulin
a hormone synthesized in the Islet cells of the pancreas that promote the conversion of glucose into glycogen
Islets of Langerhans
clusters of hormone-producing cells in the pancreas
The types of cells in the Islets of Langerhans (3)
Beta cells (produces / secrete insulin)
Alpha cells (produces / secretes glucagon)
Delta Cells (produces / secretes somatostatin)
Glucagon
a hormone produced by the alpha cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans
stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the circulatory system
Somatostatin
a peptide hormone made in the hypothalamus
inhibits the release of other hormones from the pituitary and intestine
Adrenal gland
an endocrine gland located near the kidneys
has two parts (cortex and medulla)
Adrenal Medulla
the core of the adrenal gland
produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
under control of the nervous system
Medulla Hormones (2)
Epinephrine
norepinephrine
Adrenal Cortex
surrounds the medulla
produces steroid hormones
this is under hormonal control
Corticosteroids
steroid hormones produced and released by the cortex of the adrenal gland
Classes of corticosteroids
-Glucocorticoids
-Sex Steroids
-Mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone
a steroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex
promotes secretion of potassium and reabsorption of sodium in the kidney
Cortisol
a corticosteroid that mediates stress response
Corticotropin
a tropic hormone produced by the anterior pituitary
stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
a releasing hormone produced by the hypothalamus
controls the release of cortisol from the anterior pituitary
gonads
an organ the produces gametes in animals
can either be an ovary or testis
androgens
a male steroid
Estrogen / Progesterone
a type of steroid sex hormone
produced by the ovaries
Puberty
the time a sexual maturation
sex steroids have a dramatic effect on this time
Luteinizing Hormone / follicle-stimulating hormone
a gonadotropin
produced by the anterior pituitary
Gonadotropin
a type of tropic hormone
stimulates the gonads
Pineal gland
a gland located between the cerebral hemispheres
secretes melatonin
Melatonin
a hormone released by the pineal gland
involved in photoperiodicity and circadian rhythm
Photoperiodicity
Control of an organism's physiological or behavioral responses by the length of the day or night
Immunoassay
the use of antibodies to measure the concentration of an antigen in a sample
Affinity Chromatography
a technique used to locate receptors to hormones
Downregulation
A negative feedback process in which continuous high concentrations of a hormone can decrease the number of its receptors
Upregulation
The process by which the abundance of receptors for a hormone increases when hormone secretion is suppressed
Author
kickenbugg
ID
75389
Card Set
Bio Lecture Ch 41 Vocab
Description
Ch 41 "Animal Hormones"
Updated
2011-03-27T00:00:01Z
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