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what is the innate immune response?
- nonspecific
- immediatly available
- w/o memory
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what is the adaptive immune response?
- specific
- takes several days to develop
- memory
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The first line of defense is an innate immune response. what are it's two types of barriers?
- Mechanical
- Chemical
- note: 1st line is our natural barriers
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What kind of barriers do the skin provide?
- epidermis- no access to blood so only localized infection occurs
- Dermis- access to blood vessels so infection here can become systemic
- loss of skin can lead to serious infection (burn injuries)
- semi-watertight and compose of tigthly packed dead and dying cells
- the only way to enter is through bite or cut
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what kind of barriers do the mucous membrane provide?
- found in systems w/ access to the outside of the body (Respiratory, gastrointestinal, geniourinary tracts)
- primary function is to keep tissus moist
- they can also trap micoorganisms in mucus by way of mucociliarly escalator
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explain what mucocilary escalator is?
- the lower respiratory tract is lined w/ ciliated cells and goblet cells
- the goblet cells produce mucus which traps microorganisms that have entered the tract
- then the ciliated cells rythmically move this mucus up to the oral cavity where it is either swallowed or expectorated
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what kind of barriers do the lacrimal apparatus provide?
- protects the eyes from entry by pahtogens
- causes tears to flush across eye
- tears contain lysozyme, lipocalin, and IgA
- immuniologically protected (meaning that immune system is not permitted to work there)
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what kind of barriers does saliva provide?
- cleans teeth and tissues of the oral cavity
- prepares food for digestion
- inhibits microbial growth
- contains lysozyme and IgA
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what kind of barriers does the epiglottis provide?
prevents aspiration of food and prevents entry of microorganisms into lungs
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what kind of chemical barriers are available in the body?
- sebum-
- secreted at the skin, majority is oil or fatty acid. Primary function is to keep skin healthy, pilable, moist and hair. has low ph and inhibits growth or some bacteria.
- perspiration-
- flushes organisms from skin surface; contains lysozyme
- regulates body temperature & eliminates waste
- gastric juice-
- stomach acids and enzymes. the harsh chemical environment limits microbial growth. Some organisms survive this enviroment. H.pylori resides here
- urine-
- contains lysozyme; acidity inhibits most microbial growth; flushing action keeps microbes from attaching
- bile-
- inhibits growth of microbes
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what does lysozyme target?
lysozyme is an enzyme that breaks down microbial cell walls
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second line of defense has cellular and chemical responses. what is one cellular response? what are several chemical responses?
- cellular: phagocytosis
- chemical responses:
- inflammation
- fever
- the complement system
- interferon
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What are toll-like receptros? what is their purpose?
- molecules located on the surface or defender cells and are a required part of the innate immune response
- bind to antigens found on pathogens
- differentiate between self and nonself antigens
- causes the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
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innate immune response relies on WBCs. Where are they derived from?
- bone marrow stem cells
- numbers correlate w/ stages of infection
- identified bya CBC and differentiate test
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what leukocytes are involved in inflammation & phagocytosis? waht leukocytes are involved in innate immune response? adaptive?
- basophil= inflammation
- neutrophil, esionophil, monocyte= phagocytosis
- basophil, neutrophil, esionophil, monocyte= innate
- lymphocyte= adaptive
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whats the function of Neutrophils?
- use margination to stop at the site of infection
- leave blood to enter tissues to phagocytize foreign material
- passage from blood into tissues is called diapedisis
- function is tightly controlled (short life span-apoptosis)
- most abundant WBC
- increase in them is indicative of a systemic bacterial infection
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what are the functions of basophils?
- derived from progenitor cells in the bone marrow
- have a short life span (few days)
- only small # circulate in blood
- they carry receptors for IgE
- the binding of IgE causes the release of histamine, amplifies innate immune response
- least abundant
- structually similar to tissue mast cells
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what is the function of Eosinophils?
- very small # circulate in the blood
- #'s increase in cases of parasitic infection & allergic response
- primary defense to parasite infection (produce powerful enzymes that attack parasites)
- can modulate the inflammatory response
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Granulocytes
you can see granules
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