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A story based on personal experiences or imaginary incidents
Narrative
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Selectively presenting only those facts and statistics that buttress one's point of view while ignoring competing data
Cherry-picking
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A brief story of an interesting, humorous, or real-life incident that links back to the speaker's theme
Anecdote
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An illustration whose purpose is to aid understanding by making ideas, items, or events more concrete and by clarifying and amplifying meaning
Example
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A type of average that represents the center-most score in a distribution; the point above and below which 50 percent of the scores fall
Median
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Documented occurrences, including actual events, dates, times, places, and people involved
Facts
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Quantified evidence; datat that measure the size or magnitude of something, demonstrate trends, or show relationships with the purpose of summarizing information, demonstrating proof, and making points memorable
Statistics
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Examples, narrative, testimony, facts, and statistics that support the speech thesis and form the speech
Supporting material
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Firsthand findings, eyewitness accounts, and opinions by people, both lay (nonexpert) and expert
Testimony
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A personal belief or judgement that is not founded on proof or certainty
Opinion
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A regularly published magazine or journal
Periodical
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A collection of maps, text, and accompanying charts and tables
Atlas
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Original firsthand research, such as interviews and surveys
Primary research
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Documented occurrences, including actual events, dates, times, places, and people involved
Facts
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Published facts and statistics, texts, documents, and any other information not originally collected and generated by the research
Secondary research
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Short for "Weblog" an online personal journal
Blog
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A reference work that contains facts and statistics in many categories or on a given topic, including those that are related to historical, social, political, and religious subjects
Almanac/ Fact Book
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The deliberate falsification of information
Disinformation
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Data set in a context for relevance
Information
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An entry point to a large collection of research and reference information that has been selected and reviewed by librarians
Library portal
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Documented occurrences, including actual events, dates, times, places, and people involved
Facts
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A collection of library holdings available online
Virtual library
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The suffix at the end of a web address that describes the nature of the Web site: business/ commercial <.com>, educational <.edu>, government <.gov>, military <.mil>, network <.net>, or nonprofit organization <.org>
Domain
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Information that is false
Misinformation
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A search engine that compiles its own database of Web pages, such as Google
Individual Search Engines
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Information represented in such a way as to provoke a desired response
Propaganda
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A pattern of organizing speech points so that they demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem first, and then provide justification for a proposed solutions
Problem-Solution Pattern of Arrangement
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A pattern of organizing main points in order of their physical proximity or direction relative to each other; used when the purpose of a speech is to describe or explain the physical arrangement of a place, a scene, or an object
Spatial Pattern of Arrangement
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A pattern of organizing speech points in a natural sequential order; used when describing a series or events in time or when the topic develops in line with a set pattern of actions or tasks
Chronological Pattern of Arrangement
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A pattern of organizing main points as subtopics or categories of the speech topic
Topical Pattern of Arrangement
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A pattern of organizing speech points so that the speech unfolds as a story with characters, plot, and setting. In practice, this pattern often is combined with other organizational patterns
Narrative Organizational Pattern
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A pattern of organizing speech points in order of causes and then in order of effects, or vice versa
Casual (Cause-Effect) Pattern of Arrangement
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A pattern of organizing speech points so that one idea leads to another, which leads to a third, and so forth, until the speaker arrives back at the speech thesis
Circle Pattern of Arrangement
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A delivery outline that uses a partial construction of the sentence form of each points, instead of using complete sentences that present the precise wording for each points
Phrase Outline
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A preparation or rough outline using full sentences in which the speaker firms up and organizes main points and develops supporting points to substantiate them
Working Outline
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Brief reminder notes or prompts placed in the speaing outline that can refer to transitions, timing, speaking rate and volume, presentation aids, quotations, statistics, and difficult-to-pronounce or remember names or words
Delivery Cues
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The briefest form of outline; uses the smallest possible units of understanding associated with a specific point to outline the main and supporting points
Key-Word Outline
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A delivery outline to be used when practicing and actually presenting a speech
Speaking Outline
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An outline in which each main and supporting point is stated in sentence form and is precisely the way the speaker wants to express the idea; generally used or working outlines
Sentence Outline
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A question that does not invite actual responses, but is used to make the listener or audience think
Rhetorical Question
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A challenge to audience members to act in response to a speech; placed at the conclusion of a persuasive speech
Call to Action
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A technique of language to achieve a desired effect
Rhetocial Device
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Identifying with values not one's own in order to win approval from an audience
Pandering
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A figure of speech used to compare one thing with another by using the words "like" or "as" (e.g. He works like a dog)
Simile
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Specialized terminology developed within a given endeavor or field of study
Jargon
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Any language that relies on unfounded assumptions, negative descriptions, or stereotypes of a given group's age, class, gender, disability, and geographic, ethnic, racial, or religious characteristics
Biased Language
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A rhetorical device in which two ideas are set off in balanced (parallel) opposition to each other
Antithesis
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The arrangement of words, phrases, or sentences in similar grammatical and stylistic form. Parallel structures can help the speaker emphasize important ideas in the speech.
Parallelism
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An informal expression characterized by regional variations of speech
Colloquial Expression
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A figure of speech used to make implicit comparisons without the use of "like" or "as" (e.g. "Love is a rose")
Metaphor
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A rhetorical device in which the speaker repeats a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences
Anaphora
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An extended metaphor or simile that compares an unfamiliar concept or process with a more familiar one in order to help the listener understand the one that is unfamiliar
Analogy
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A pattern of organizing main points as subtopics or categories of the speech topic
Topical Pattern of Arrangement
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The qualities that determine the value of a source, such as the author's background and reputation, the reputation of a publication, the source of data, and how recent the reference is
Source Reliability
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A speech whose goal is to influence the attitudes, beliefs, values, or acts of others
Persuasive Speech
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A speech providing new information, new insights, or new ways of thinking about a topic. The general purpose of an informative speech is to increase the audience's understanding and awareness of a topic
Informative Speech
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Defining something by describing what it does. For example: a computer is something that processes information
Operational Definition
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A brief description of the source's qualifications
Source Qualifier
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