Ch 7-10 (2)

a process by which the flintknapping properties of stone tool raw material are improved by subjecting the material to heat

a thin, sharp sliver of stone removed from a core during the knapping process

a piece of stone that is worked ("knapped"). Cores sometimes serve merely as sources for raw materials; they also can serve as functional tools

distinctive channel on the faces of Folson and Clovis projectile points formed by removal of one or more flakes from the point's base

the longitudinal flake removed from the faces of Folson and Clovis projectile points to create the flute

minute, often microscopic, evidence of use damage on the surface and working edge of a flake or artifact; can include some striations, pitting, microflaking, and polish

the study of contemporary peoples to determine how human behavior is translated into the archaeological record

a horticultural method used frequently in the tropics wherein a section of forest is cut, dried, and then burned, thus returning nutrients to the ground. This permits a plot of land to be farmed for a limited number of years

the animal remains recovered from an archaeological site

places where animals were killed in the past

an archaeologist who specializes in the study of the animal remains recovered from archaeological sites

identification and interpretation of animal remains from archaeological sites

in faunal analysis, a specific skeletal part of the body - for example, humerus or sternum

in faunal analysis, the classification of a skeletal element to a taxonomic category - species, genus, family, or order

a categorization of faunal remains, not to taxon, but to one of the five categories based on body size

a skeletal collection of modern fauna of both sexes and different ages used to make identifications of archaeofaunas

the raw number of identified bones (specimens) per species

the smallest number of individuals necessary to account for all identified bones

the head, mandibles, vertebrae, ribs, sacrum, and tail of an animal skeleton

all parts of an animal excluding the axial skeleton

an estimate of what part of the year a particular archaeological site was occupied

Native American (Quechua) term for the treeless, windswept tablelands and basins of higher Andes

Native South American (Quechua) term for freeze-dried llama and alpaca meat

nonmicroscopic plant remains recovered from an archaeological site

an archaeologist who analyzez and interprets plant remains from archaeological sites in order to understand past interactions between human populations and plants

desiccated feces, often containing macrobotanical remains, pollen, and the remains of small animals

the study of fossil pollen grains and spores to reconstruct past climates and human behavior

a chart showing the changing frequencies of different identified pollens through time from samples taken from archaeological or other sites

the earlist well-established Native American culture, distributed throughout much of North America and dating 10,900 to 11,200 BC

tiny silica particles contained in plants. Sometime these fragments can be recovered from archaeological sites even after the plants themselves have decayed

rodents that build nests of organic materials and this preserve a record, often for thousands of years, of changing plant species within the local are of the nest

the pose-Pleostocene geological epoch that began about 10,000 radiocarbon years ago and continues today

organic substances - including fats, oils, and waxes - that resist mixing with water, found in both plant and animal tissues

the study of the human biological component evident in the archaeological record

the study of bone

a set of human burials that came from a limited region and a limited time period. The more limited the region and the time period, the more accurate will be inferences drawn from analysis of the burials

a structure used by eastern North Americans to lay out the dead where the body would decompose. The bones would later be gathered and buried or cremated

burial of a person's bones, bundled together, after the flesh has been removed or allowed to decay off the bones

genetic lineages defined by similar genes at a locus on a chromosome

calculations of the time since divergence of two related populations using the presumed rate of mutation in mtDNA and the genetic differences between the two populations

the unit of chromosomes that control inheritance of particular traits

genetic material found in the mitochondria of cells; it is inherited only from the mother and appears to mutate at a rate of 2-4 percent per 1 million years

the use of genetic information in ancient human remains to reconstruct the past

genetic material found in a cell's nucleus; this material is primarily responsible for an individual's inherited traits

cavities

the organic component of bone

cross sections of the body's long bones (arms and legs) used to analyze bone shape and reconstruct the mechanical stresses placed on that bone - and hence activity patterns

the study of ancient demographic patterns and trends

charts that depict the various ages at death of a burial population

a disorder in which the cartilafe between the joints wear away, often because of overuse of the joint, resulting in osteophytes and eburnation

a sign of osteoarthritis in which bones develop a distinct "lipping" of bone at the point of articulation

a sign of osteoarthritis in which the epiphyses of long bones are worn smooth, causing them to ake on a varnish-like appearance

a symptom of iron deficiency anemia in which the skil takes on a porous appearance

a symptom of iron deficiency anemia in which the bone of the upper eye sockets takes on a spongy appearance

horizontal lines near the ends of long bones indicating episodes of phsyiological stress

horizontal linear defects in tooth enamel indicating episodes of physiological stress

where two halves of the pubis meet in the groin area; the appearance of its articulating surface can be used to age skeletons

the study of ancient patterns of disease, disorders, and trauma

the angled edge of both halves of the posterior (rear) side of the pelvis; measurement of this angle is used to determine sex in human skeletons. Although its width varies among population, narrow notches indicate a male and wider notches indicate a female

the ends of bones that fuses to the main shaft or portion of the bone at various ages; most bones are fused by age 25. This fact can be used to age skeletons of younger individuals