Public Health exam 2

access of all people all the time to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life

species enterica

• due to the high risk of Salmonella infection, turtles less than 4 inches in diameter cannot be sold as pets in the US
• asym carriers
• Ab do not help

• biological/chemical/physical agent that is likely to cause illness/injury
• agent that causes the event to occur
• not risk (probability that an event will occur)

• hazard analysis critical control points
• can be used to control hazards of public health and animal health concerns

• grow at fridge temp- cheese, deli meat
• high mortality- mild febrile in humans
• in soil, water, silage, mammals, birds
• abortions in humans- verticle transmission
• fever, dep, CNS in cattle

• Conduct an analysis of potential hazards
• Determine the critical control points
• Establish critical limits/measures
• establish monitoring requirements for CCPs
• Establish corrective measures when CCPs are not under control
• Monitor system
• Establish documentation

• M: routine collection of info on dz, productivity, and other characteristics possibly related to them in a pop
• S: more intense data recording that results in an action

• preemptive surveillance, risk surveillance
• protect a naive pop from an agent before it enters the pop
• test before entering dz free zone

• post facto surveillance
• detecting the agent after it has entered the pop

only a veterinary medical officer

• FDA
• CDC
• NIH

• FSIS
• APHIS
• FAS

• bison
• deer
• elk
• reindeer
• water buffalo
• catalo
• FDA covers these

• US inspected and passed
• US inspected and condemned
• Passed for refrigeration
• Passed for cooking
• Passed for heating
• Passed for use in cooked comminuted products

• Pass for regular slaughter
• Pass for slaughter as US suspect
• US condemned

• screening for dz
• defensive measures on dz free farms
• offensive measures on infected farms

• Tx is currently cattle brucellosis free (B. abortus)
• Tx is only state not swine brucellosis free
• 1st point testing in livestock market

• C. jejuni
• cattle, pig, and poultry asym reservoir
• cannot survive long in env (unlike E.coli and Sal)
• common source is raw chicken

• all states do not have
• Tx has one
• can only ship intrastate

• carcasses must be burned
• livestock cannot be moved from affected premises until 10 days after all livestock on the premises have been vacc and all affected carcasses properly disposed

• Resist- inc animals ability to resist dz
• Isolate- prevent contact btw animals
• Traffic- control traffic onto and within farm
• Sanitation- eliminate sources of inf agents

• Animal Care (AC)
• Biotechnology Regulatory Services (BRS)
• International Services and Trade Support Team (IS)
• Plant protection and Quarantine (PPQ)
• Veterinary Services (VS)
• Wildlife Services (WS)

• World Organization for Animal Health
• fight animal dz globally
• transparency, scientific info, solidarity, sanitary, vet servicesfood safety
• voluntary

• ante- and post-mortem inspection
• sanitary processing of food animals and packaging of their products
• pasteurization and irradiation
• proper storage
• proper handling and cooking
• HACCP

• reduction in residue
• HACCP
• produce wholesome food free of harmful contaminants

dev and implement of control and mitigation strategies to prevent or reduce microbial, chemical, and physical contamination of food

• USDA-FSIS
• does not include poultry

• a planned animal health and production management program with regularly scheduled veterinary activities and good herd management designed to achieve and maintain optimum animal health and production
• most efficient production that provides economic returns
• maintain animal well being
• minimize pollution

• focuses on id and preventing hazards
• scientifically based
• more efficient- record keeping allows long term assessment of performance
• manufacturers and distributors assume responsibility
• inc international competitiveness
• reduce barriers to international trade

Veterinary Regulatory Services

• only downer cattle are immediately condemned
• all meat products sold for public consumption must be inspected
• usto, slaughter animals for personal consumption do not have to be inspected
• grading of meat for public consumption is not mandatory

• observation at rest and in motion
• day of slaughter
• on premises

• Typhimurium
• Pullorum
• Enteritidis
• Choleraesuis
• Newport
• NOT Typhi

• reservoir is spoiled or moldy (high pH) corn silage and soil
• L. monocytogenes
• vertical transmission in humans
• highest case fatality

responsible for the safety of all foods except meat, poultry, and egg products

• foodborne dz active surveillance network
• principle foodborne dz component of CDCs Emerging Infectious Program
• lab based with active data collection
• determine the burden of foodborne illness in US
• for humans, not animals

• sampling high risk pop in which specific known risk factors exist
• performed to inc the efficiency of the system
• warranted when the dz is more common in the target pop than the general pop
• not a probability sampling technique

• regular testing or recording of cases for the specific goal of monitoring or surveillance
• mandated
• costly
• ex- BSE, TB, brucellosis

• reporting of clinical cases by health care professionals on a voluntary basis
• inconsistent
• ex- FAD

• horses, cattle, swine, camelids
• transmitted via biting flies
• zoonotic
• western hemisphere (Americas)
• erosions of tongue, lip, coronary band
• contact authorities
• no tx

• highly transmissible- via direct contact, garbage
• high morbidity, low mortality (except young)
• cloven hoofed animals (not horses)
• all secretions are infective
• amplifying host- pig
• indicator host- cattle
• maintenance host- sheep
• erosions, tiger heart
• pigs knuckle
• always contact authorities
• no tx
• rare zoonosis

• looks like African Swine Fever
• highly contagious
• domestic and feral swine, european wild boar
• direct transmission
• worldwide
• not zoonotic
• high virulence= high mortality, low vir= asym
• fever, skin hemorrhage, convulsions, death
• tonsilar necrosis, LN hemorrhage, splenic infarct
• no tx
• notify authorities

• european wild boar, domestic swine, wild swine
• highly transmissible- via direct contact and ticks
• looks like classical swine fever
• blotchy skin, diarrhea
• enlarge, fiable, dark red spleen
• swollen and hemorrhagic LN
• huddling
• notify authorities

• highly contagious
• looks like Exotic New Castle Dz
• Types A, subtypes H5 and H7
• reportable
• migrating waterfowl are asym carriers
• swine are mixing vessel
• transmit via direct contact
• worldwide
• zoonotic
• resp prob, ruffled feathers, death, swelling, CNS, hemorrhage in trachea, kidney congestion, cyanosis
• no tx

• highly contagious
• looks like HPAI
• all avian species
• transmit via direct contact
• worldwide
• zoonotic
• asym enteric not reportable (lentogenic)
• resp or neuro signs reportable (mesogenic and velogenic)
• death, swelling, hemorrhagic internal organs, cyanosis

takes 1-5 days for oocyst to sporulate

• brain (>30mth)
• eyes (>30mth)
• spinal cord (>30mth)
• distal ileum (all)
• tonsils (all)

• limited movement of animals on and off farm
• vacc protocol
• feeding regimen standardized, do not feed on gorund
• separate sleeves for preg checks
• dispose of manure

S. enterica

regulate meat, poultry, and processed eggs

touch, sight, smell

• surveillance using human/animal health related data that precedes diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public/veterinary health response
• real time surveillance
• computerized

• using sentinel animals/herds for detection of the agent in question
• early detection and warning
• ex- use of chickens for encephalitis virus surveillance

• monitors frequency of infectious dz and assists local and state health dept to investigate outbreaks and dz control
• for humans

primary federal agency for conducting and supporting medical research

assure safety, effectiveness and security of human and animal drugs, biologics, medical devices, food supply, and cosmetics

directing and coordinating authority for health within the UN

improve health and living standards in the Americas

defeat hunger internationally

• E. coli
• Listeria
• Salmonella

principle source is cattle (O157:H7)