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What kind of reproduction is most common in the Protista kingdom?
asexual (cell division)
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1/2 of all protozoans are....
foraminiferans
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Radiolarians are entirely marine and mostly...
planktonic
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What is the most abundant kind of ciliophores?
tintinnids
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How do tintinnids feed?
by using ciliated tentacles
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What two things do Sarcomastigophoras use for movement?
pseudopodias and flagellas
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hollow ball of cells
Blastula
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For sponges, water enters through openings and circulates through the internal cavities and then circulates though a large excurrent pore known as...
osculum
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Sponges are supported internally though a network of flexible ______ fibers
spongin
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gelatinous layer that separates inner and outer body walls
mesoglea
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baglike digestive tract that the central mouth leads to
gastrovascular cavity
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batteries of microscopic structures that arm the tentacles
nematocysts
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special cells that produce nematocysts
cnidoblasts
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free swimming cnidarians with the main body above the tentacles (jellyfish)
medusae
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sessile benthic cnidarians with main body below the tentacles (anemones)
polyps
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What is closely related to the Cnidarians but doesn't have stinging cells?
Ctenophores
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What kind of body symmetry do ctenophores have?
Radial
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What kind of cells replace the nematocysts cells for Ctenophores?
sticky coloblast cells (that don't sting!)
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harder sponge fibers comprised of either CaCO3 or SiO2
spicules
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side of symmetry with the mouth
oral
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opposite of the oral side
aboral
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external longitudinal bands of cilia in ctenophores
ctenes
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one plane of symmetry exists to make 2 mirror image halves consisting of anterior (head), posterior (rear), dorsal (top), and ventral (bottom).
bilateral body symmetry
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Most Platyhelminthes are what and consist of what?
parasitic and consist of flukes and tapeworms
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Where do nematodes live?
In bottom sediment throughout all depths
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What is the most abundant multicellular animal in the marine benthic environment?
nematodes
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Ectoprocta, Phorondia, and Brachiopoda are characterized by...
a true internal cavity called the coelom
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Lingula has a consistent fossil history of
1/2 billion years
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and hard shell around a soft body, a foot for locomotion anchorage and securing food are characteristics of....
unsegmented mollusks
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sense organs near anterior (found in octupuses and squids)
Cephalization (brain)
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What belongs to the Amphineura class?
Chitons
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How many shells can Chitons have?
1,2, or 8
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Mussels, clams, scallops and oysters have a two-piece hinged shell placing them in...
Bivalvia
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type of larva found in annelid worms (stage 1)
trochophore
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after growing a ciliated tissue (velum), annelid worms develop into stage 2 larva known as...
veliger
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internal body fluid against which muscles work to provide shape changes to allow movement
hydrostatic skeleton
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linear series of structural units (repeated body units)
metameres
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(annelids) Polychaete's internal organs and body cavities are subdivided into..
metameres
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external supppoting skeleton found in arthropods
exoskeleton
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complex organic substance in exoskeletons
Chitin
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What accounts for 75% of all living species identified so far?
Arthropods
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All forms of echinoderms are ______ as adults
benthic
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echinoderms are mostly characterized by a calcerous skeleton with....
external spines or knobs with 5-sided symmetry
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Echinoderms unique internal water-vascular system hydraulically operates the...
numerous tube feet
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cartilage rod the forms the central skeletal support of chordates (not vertebrates)
notochord
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Urochordata and Cephalochordata are relatively _______ and completely marine
small
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Urochordata includes animals such as benthic, filter-feeding ________ and planktonic, gelatinous ______
sea squirts and calps
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