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Two major dysfunctions present in the process of cancer
Cell Proliferation(growth) and Defective Cell differentiation
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Tumor Inducing Genes (mutated protooncogenes)
Oncogenes
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Two Classifications of tumors
- Benign (non cancerous)
- Malignant (Cancerous)
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Three stages of Cancer
- 1. Initiation (initial occurance of mutation)
- 2. Promotion (reversible proliferation of altered cell)
- 3. Progression (increased growth rate, size, and invasiveness)
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Process by which cancer cells evade the immune system
Immunologic Escape
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The only definitive means of diagnosing cancer
Biopsy
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The 3 goals of cancer Tx
- 1. Cure - rid of disease
- 2. Control- contain disease
- 3. Palliation- relief of symptoms
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The goal of Chemotherapy
To eliminate or reduce the number of malignant cells present within the tumor or malignant site
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Radiation
The emmision and distribution of energy through space or a material medium
Used to treat a specific area to acheive local control
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Nurses Role in Cancer Tx
- Help patient cope with psychoemotional issues
- Education about what to expect from Tx, side effects, importance of adherence
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Most sensitive tissues to radiation or chemo
Intestinal Mucosa
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Most common side effect of Chemo and sometimes Radiation
N/V
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Agents that modify the relationship bw the host and the tumor by changing biologic response
Biologic Therapy
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Interferes with cancer growth by targeting specific cellular receptors and pathways that are important to tumor growth
Targeted Therapy
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Side effects of Bologic Therapy
- Capillary leak syndrome
- pulmonary edema
- bone marrow supression
- fatigue
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Experimental therapy that involves introducing genetic material into a persons cell to fight a disease
Gene Therapy
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Group of more than 200 diseases
Cancer
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Three things a Cell can do after it is mutated
- Cell can die
- Cell can repair itself
- Cell can survive and pass defect on
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Protooncogenes
- Promotes growth in normal cellular differentiation
- Helps keep cells functioning normally
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Tumor Suppressor Genes
- regulates cell growth
- suppresses tumor growth
- rendered inactive with mutations
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Benign neoplasm
- Well differentiated
- Encapsulated
- Expansive mode of growth
- Similar to parent cell in apperance
- Rarley recurs
- Does not metastisize
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Malignant neoplasm
- Usually undifferentiated
- Metastisizes
- Frequently recures
- Highly vascular
- Not encapsulated
- Not like parent cell in appearance
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Initiation Phase
- Mutation of cells genetic structure
- Mutation is NOT reversible
- Only become tumors when can self replicate and grow
- Can be caused by carcinogen
- Cells can die, repair or mutate and pass on to daughter cells
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Carcinogens can be
- Viral
- Radiation(Ionizing Rad and UV rays)
- Chemical(Certain drugs)
Can be detoxified or harmlessly excreted
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Promotion Phase
- reversible proliferation of altered cells (ie...obesity, smoking, alcohol, diet)
- Latent period of 1-40 years, depending on miotic rate
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Progression Phase
- Increased growth rate
- Invasive (usually mets in lung, brain, liver, bone or adrenal glands)
- Irreversible
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Immune Systems Role
- Reponds to TAA (tumor associated antigens)
- Continually checks for and destroys abnormal cells
- T Cells (kills tumor cells directly)
- B Cells (produces antibodies)
- Natural Killer Cells (activates machrophages)
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