Biology Exam

a highly toxic protein

Part of DNA base sequence; SPecifies the RNA or protein product.

• main component of ribisomes
• structures upon which polypeptide chains are built

delivers amino acids to ribosomes one by one in th eorder specified for a mRNA

protein building information in an mRNA is decoded into a sequence of amino acids.

in DNA a sequenceto which RNA polymerase binds.

complete set of sixty four mRNA codons.

permanent changes in the sequence of a cells DNA

mutation inw hich one or more base pairs are lost

mutation in which one or more base pairs become inserted into DNA

segments of DNA that can move spontaneously within or between chromosomes.

a series of events from the time a cell forms until its cytoplasm divides

in a eukaryotic cell cycle the interval between miotic division when a cell grows, roughly doubles the number of its cytoplasmic components and replicates its DNA

is a nuclear division mechanism that maintains the chromosome number.

chomosomes with teh same length shape and set of genes.

a dynamic network of microtubules that moves chromosomes during nuclear division

microtubules of the spindle separate the sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosomes, and move them toward opposite spindle poles.

in a dividing animal cell the indentation where cytoplasmic division will occur

gene that has teh potential to transform a normal cell into a tumor

disease that occurs when a neoplasm physically and metabolically disrupts body tissues

the process in which cancer cells spread from one part of the body to another.

refers to an allel that masks the effect of a recessive allele paired with it.

the particular set of alleles carried by an individual

having two different alleles of a gene

having identical alleles of a gene

the ofspring of a cross between two individuals that breed true for different forms of a trait. a heterosygous individual

location of a gene on a chromosome

an individuals observable traits

refers to an allel with an effect that is maksed by a dominant allel on the homologous chromosome

breeding experiment in which individuals identically heterozygous for one gene or crossed. the frequency of traits among the offspring offers information about the dominance relationship between the alleles

diagram used to predict the genetic and phenotypic outcome of a crossq

method of determining genotype in which an individual of unknown gentotype is crossed with one that is known to be homozygous recessive

breeding experiment in which individuals identically heterozygous for two genes are crossed. the frequency of traits among teh offspring offers information about the dominance relationships between the paired alleles.

refers to two alleles that are both fullly expressed in heterozygous individuals

effect in which a trait is influenced by the products of multiple genes.

condition in which one allele is not fullly dominant over another, so the heterozygous phenotype is betweeen the two homozygous phenotypes

gene for which three or more alleles persist in a population

in a population a range of small differences in a shared trait.

bell shaped curve typicallly results from graphing frequency versus distribution for a trait that varies continuously.

study of patterns in the geographic distibution of species and communities

person who observes life from a scientific perspective

change in a line of descent

line of descent

idea that gradual repetitive processes occuring over long time spans shaped earths surface.

selective breeding of animals by humans

a heritable trait that enhances an individuals fitness

a process in which environemental pressure result in the differential survival and reproduction of individuals of a population who vary in the details of shared haritable traits.

degree of adaptation to an environment as measure by an individuals relative genetic contrinution to future generations.

a method that can reveal the age of a material by measureing its content of a radiosotope and daughter elements.