History 2 Exam 2 Part 1

federal income tax for all incomes over 3K

Direct election of senators

• Prohibition of alcoholic beverages
• One year after ratification, banned the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors

women’s suffrage

-Alice Paul forms National Women’s Party

-uses aggressive strategy to push forward legislation

ability of voters to remove elected officials (no illegal activities)

voter proposed legislation

voter consideration of existing legislation

investigative reporter (muckrakers)

-writes The Jungle (investigates meatpacking industry)

-leads to the formation of the FDA

• Pushing women suffer age leads
• National Women’s Party
• 19th amendment passed/ratified (help)
• Uses aggressive tactics to pass legislation (the right to women vote for women) (protect/hungers strikers)

• Investigative and publishes reporters
• Seeking areas needing reform
• Focused on the new Urban-industrial society

establishes child labor laws

-minimum age depends on industry (domestic-14; manufacturing-16)

-intended to protect children from unsafe working conditions/exploitation

establishes maximum working hours (8 hr work day)

-applies to RR industry

-will later be expanded to other industries

• industrial fire inside NYC
• -deaths of large number of workers (women/children)

-leads to workman’s comp and workplace safety regulations

*implemented on the state level; later expanded to federal

campaign slogan of Teddy Roosevelt

-equal access to the economic system for all Americans

-will increase regulations (ie-trustbusting) to create access

third party of T. Roosevelt

-party created to run against Taft (R) and Wilson (D)

-promotes the idea that Americans have obligation (nationalistic) to

practice beneficial business policy

-fails to gain traction among traditional Republican voters

-Wilson wins election

• W. Wilson campaign slogan
• Focuses on trust busting
• Will allow increased business/investing

(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

-civil rights organization

-fighting for equality through legal avenues

-white-dominated leadership (strategic move to make more acceptable to mainstream society)

-landmark case: Brown v. Board of Education (ends separate but equal)

• ideology that states man (regardless of religion) has obligation to care for fellow man
• places the responsibility of social programs on private sphere
• counters the “gospel of wealth”

Germany and Austria-Hungary

-each country allowed to remain neutral in war unless Russia attacks

• UK, France, Russia
• each nation tied into alliance through England
• UK/France alliance; UK/Russia

• German strategy that hopes to bring UK/German alliance
• attack UK at its strongest point (navy) and force alliance by weakening opposition
• if fails, pushes UK away from German alliance and exhausts resources
• *plan fails

• archduke of Austria-Hungary
• is next king in line to rule
• assassinated inside Serbia by Black Hand
• Germany issues Blank Check
• 1.- allows A-H to act unilaterally and harshly as long as action is taken quickly
• 2.- will take advantage of European outrage
• leads to the Serbian Ultimatum: places harsh punitive measures on Serbia
• 1.- response demanded inside 24 hrs
• 2.- delay in issuing document to draw Russia into engagement
• 3.- leads Russia to mobilize troops; start of war

Germany’s plan for a two front war

-Three divisions of army: limited force on east to maintain Russian border

-weakened force sent to the south of France

-strongest force sent to north of France

*act quickly, ambush the French troops, bring rapid end to war

*improperly implemented, leads to Trench Warfare

-stalemated form of war

-series of trenches stretching north to south

-leads to high death rates, limited front movement

-drains the resources of all countries involved

German plan to attack all ships without distinction

-an attempt to keep American supplies out of Europe

-negatively impacting the Dual Alliance (unbalanced level of trade)

-opposed by international law

-US displeased with impact on American shipping/trade

*retracted by the Germans after the sinking of the Lusitania (British passenger

ship sunk with Americans on board; carrying war goods in cargo holds)

*policy returns with Zimmerman Telegram

-unrestricted sub warfare resumed

-promises land acquisitions for MX if southern US attack launched

-hope to distract Americans inside NA and out of Europe

*intercepted by British; pushes Wilson to war

US troops during WWI; led by J. Pershing

-will only be sent to Europe after training

establishes the draft

-will create a conscripted army during WWI(not volunteer)

-initially excludes A-A; will be allowed to register with support of A. Phillip Randolph

last German offensive of WWI

-unsuccessful due to reinforcements of American troops

-war ends shortly afterward

ends WWI

-War Guilt Clause (Germany completely responsible)

-demilitarization of Germany

-land ceded to other nations (Alsasce-Lorraine/Rhineland/Czech)

-reparations must be paid to England and France (large amount)

*conditions of treaty will push Germany towards expansion in next decade

*never signed by US Congress

Lenin (Bolsheviks) overthrows Nicholas II (tzar)

-implement communist ideology

-will take Russia out of WWI (Treaty of Brest-Livotsk)

*exit from war gives Dual Alliance advantage inside WWI

propaganda agency monitoring all war-time

Information

-responsible for maintaining/developing public support of the war

-voluntary censorship from all news outlets

led by Herbert Hoover

-rationing/nationalization programs

-looks to conserve supplies/materials for war effort

*successful implementation of policy allows for stronger overseas exports (war)

forerunner to United Nations

-coalition of nations brought together to maintain world order (no war)

-formed following WWI

-Wilson’s brainchild; US not a participating member

*Germany (due to defeat) and Russia (rise of communism) excluded from participation

Wilson’s democratic platform

-supports the rights of all nations to self-govern and self-regulate (as long as democratic)

*provides underpinnings for post-WWI discussion

massive movement of A-A men from south to north during WWI

-hoping to escape agricultural trappings; new jobs in manufacturing

-unwelcome inside northern regions; many return

*shows similar racial attitudes between northern and southern regions

president of GM

-auto loans and yearly models

-will sell autos as lifestyle; make accessible to all Americans

spending more than income allows

-consumption for show

-lead to the rise of the 1920s economy (credit) and culture

-contributes to Great Depression (overextension of credit)

battle between traditional and liberal ideologies

-questions right of schools to teach evolution

-anti-evolution case wins; indicates a shift in American opinion (not pleased)

fear of immigrants

• -dislike competition for jobs/housing, different religions, new political
• Ideologies

quota system placed on immigration

-2% of any immigrant group (according to 1890 census) can immigrate yearly

-Asian excluded

*allows for the conservation of traditional cultures/populations; limits immigrant growth (competition)

A-A separatist leader

-forms UNIA; hopes to colonize AA population

-targeted by the gov.; convicted of mail fraud; exile

*demonstrates need to maintain traditional social order (labor force)

AA cultural movement

-occurs inside NY

-demonstrates the abilities of the AA mind (not just physical strength)

pro-KKK (white supremacy) film

-promotes the stereotypical depiction of AA

-help lead to the rise of KKK (William Simmons)

led to the collapse of the Harding Administration

-pushes Coolidge to promote more stringent regulations/oversight

Democratic presidential nominee in 1928

-Catholic candidate (1st for a major party)

-defeated by Hoover

*demonstrates the inability of most American voters to accept difference inside leadership positions (Popish Plot)

shanty towns formed by America’s unemployed/homeless

-named after Hoover to place blame for lack of public support/economic

improvement

WWI vets march on DC to demand early payment of pensions

-Hoover refuses to concede point; sends army (MacArthur) to disperse marchers

-violence ensues; costs Hoover election (FDR wins)

Hoover’s attempt to minimize G. Depression

-private credit pool funded by big business

-receives limited response; unable to make dent in economic situation

*underlying issue is not lack of credit but lack of buying power

day the stock market crashes in 1929

-leads to the dissipation of great amounts of investments

term used to describe initial policies of an administration

-set tone for remainder of term

-first seen with FDR (New Deal)

jobs works programs

-part of New Deal

-TVA/CCC: conservation, male focused, white, young, residential

-WPA: all-inclusive, integrated, non-residential, deficit funded

drying out of west/south (overproduction/overgrazing)

-leads to the collapse of the farming industry

-pushes great majority of farmers to west/east looking for jobs

government backs all deposits (up to 5K)

-encourages investors to put funds back in banks for reinvestment

“Share our Wealth” (from LA)

-100% tax on incomes over 1million

-guaranteed income of 5K

-gov. sponsored pensions

mandatory retirement at age of 60

-forces higher paid out; more entry level positions available

-gov. sponsored pension

**pushes the formation of the SSA

FDR’s plan to expand to size of Supreme Court

-hopes to gain support for New Deal programs

-states mandatory retirement for justices over 70; one new appointment for each noncompliant justice

-expands court from 5 to 9 justices

*will back New Deal and Civil Rights

communist of leader Russia

-5 Year Plan (gradual implementation of communism)

-gains power through armed struggle

-will become a weak ally of Nazi-Germany (non aggression pact)

leader of Italy

-gains power through support of Black Shirts

-Victor Emmanuel III turns over full authority without consent of Parliament

-will become strong ally of Nazi Germany through Rome-Berlin Axis

Vatican recognizes Mussolini (complicity agrees to support)

Vatican recognizes Nazi-Germany (promise compliance with all policies in exchange for church autonomy and funds for Catholic education)

*Vatican is granting international legitimacy to two major Axis powers

loose alliance between Russia/Germany

-will invade and split Poland

-Germany will not attack Russia (and vice-versa)

-leads to false sense of security for Russians

massive evacuation of French/UK troops out of France

-France has fallen to Germans

-civilian evacuation of troops (high deaths; large munitions losses)

*mistake by Hitler not to pursue/destroy remaining troops

-hopes to gain compliance of UK

French defense plan

-string of forts running along French/German border

-false security pushes France to follow appeasement

-permanent position of armaments allows Germany to ambush line (go around line through Belgium)

*leads to the quick collapse of France

policy followed by UK/France

-grant all necessary concessions (to Germany) to avoid war

-allows Germany to take: Austria, Rhineland, Alsasce-Lorraine, Czech.)

*leads to the start of WWII

signed between UK/France/Germany

-allows Germany to take western half of Czech.

-Germany will take all of Czech.

-appeasement allows the move to stand unchallenged (no Poland)

German invasion of Austria

German gov. after WWI

-democratically elected gov.

-executive: president (elected) chancellor (appointed)

-legislative: Reichstag (elected with proportional representation)

-guarantees civil liberties

allows the president to suspend all constitutional rights and rule unilaterallyin case of emergency

Reichstag dismisses itself and grants all powers to Hitler

-allows him to take full authority of Germany

-will remain in place until conclusion of WWII

Hoover supports

-suspends all reparation payments

-cancels/discounts all American held debts

- hopes to rescue European economy

*fails to make significant impact

American investments (private) inside of Germany

-prop up German economy (rep. payments)

-withdrawn during Great Depression

German laws passed by Hitler to restrict Jewish life

-self-identification (star); boycott of businesses (Kristallnacht)

-starts full-scale anti-Jewish program (ghettos; destruction of churches/businesses)

Party of Hitler

-25 Points: Restore German pride, anti-Semitic, Lebensraum

-learn from Beer Hall Putsch that rise to power must be legitimate