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Nutrition
science of food composition and it's use by the body
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Commercial Diet
- those bought commercially
- comes prepared
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Commercial Diet Pros
- regulated by Federal and State laws
- FDA food, drug, and cosmetic Act
- State Department of Agriculture regulates
- balanced, pre-made, easy to aquire, long self-life, lots of choices
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Commercial Diet Cons
- Little more unbalanced than prepared
- Batch variablitiy (nutritive value varies between batches)
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Prepared Diet
prepared physically and put together by self
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Prepared Diets Pros
- much more balanced
- more nutritive value
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Prepared Diet Cons
- doesn't last long
- cost and time factors
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Balanced Diet
- 20% protein (red meat highest source)
- 9% fat
- 7% fiber
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Energy Sources
- Carb
- Fats - stored energy
- Protein: complete - all animal protein (meat, fish, poultry, milk, eggs) that contain all essential amino acids; incomplete - vegetable proteins miss essential amino acids or don't have enough
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Essential Amino Acids
- Arginine
- Histidine
- Isoleucine
- Leucine
- Theronine
- Lysine
- Methionine
- Phenylalanine
- Tryptophane
- Valine
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Minerals
- inorganic elements
- utilized as structural components of tissue and cellular compounds
- catalysts for enzyme activity
- to maintain normal osmotic and electrochemical gradients that support neuromucular activity and cell membrane transport activity
- body doesn't produce
- taken in trace amounts
- found in food, water, and air supply
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Common Minerals
- Ca - bone development
- I - growth and thyroid
- P
- Cl
- Fe - blood transport oxygen
- Se, Cr, Mg,
- Na & K - water balance of the body
- K - also blood clotting
- Cu, Mn, Zn, F, Mo
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Vitamins
- fat soluble - store in fat; becomes toxins; Vitamin D, A, K, and F
- water soluble - can't overdose; gets flushed out; all others
- amino group (C-O-H)
- organic compounds; not a source of energy; slightly larger amounts than miners
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Fiber
- class of compounds
- nondigestible polysaccharides found in plant and cell walls; can't break down
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Forms of Diets
- pellets - most common in lab
- meal - ground up
- semi-moist - ex. cat food in pouches
- liquid
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Natural Diet
naturally occuring diet
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Purified Diet
- know every ingredient and how it's made
- precise nutritional compostion
- repeatable consistancy
- easy to modify
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Chemically Defined Diet
- simple basic diet
- no further breakdown needed
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Special Diets
- Sterile - put through an autoclave; food constructed to withstand high heat
- Added Vitamins
- Fiber Level - some different requirements for species livestock and larger animals
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Feed Storage
- Temperature - prevent mold, spoiling, able to keepfor shelf life
- Humitity - controlled (not worried about at home because the food is used quicker)
- Vermin Proof - keep mice out
- Closed Container - if an animal gets out they can't get into the food
- Clean - food kept clean
- Stacked - food is stackable
- Rotate Stock - keep newer food to the back and move older food to the front to be used
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Water
- Body is composed of 60-75% water
- Needed for: digestion, metabolism (absorbtion of the nutrients), body temperature, and transport (most done via blood)
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Watering Devices
- bowls
- bottles and sipper tubes
- automatic
- RO (Reverse Osmosis)
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Bottles and Slipper Tube
- size is dependent on the animal, cage, and weather forcast
- bottles can be plastic or glass
- glass - cheaper, easy to clean and disinfect, but break easily
- plastic - more expensive, harder to clean, turn cloudy after washed too many times
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Automatic
- used extensively
- preferred way
- outdoor can't freeze
- chlorine flush periodically
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RO
- Reverse Osmosis
- High tech purification process
- only used for high end labs/studies
- expensive
- not efficent 40-50% of water is recovered
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Water Quality
- Must be potable (drinkable)
- Treatments: physical - boil; chemical - Cl or Br; irradiate - water passes through UV stream
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Bedding Types
- Softwood: pines/cedar - aromatic, dustier, need to be changed more frequently
- Hardwood: oak/ash - no odor, no dust, lasts longer
- Corn Cobs: shredded corn cobs - odorless, dust free, last longer, more expensive
- Paper: recycled shredded paper - soft, odorless, dust, need to change frequently, cheap
- Sawdust: used mostly for livestock, absorbant, odor, very dusty
- Straw: large animals
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Good Bedding Qualities
- dust-free
- non-edible
- no pathogens
- no toxins
- non-hygroscopic (doesn't attract water)
- comfortable
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Analgesics
- any drug that helps alieviate pain or block pain
- aspirin
- advil (ibuprofen), tylenol (acetaminophen)
- Codeine, Morphine, Demerol (narcotics)
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NSAID
Non-Sterioidal Anti Inflammatory Drug
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Anesthesia
- loss of sensation without pain
- pharmacologically induced
- Reversible State of: amnesia, analgesia, loss of consciousness, loss of skeletal muscle reflexes, decreases stress response
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Reasons for Anesthesia
- examination - radiograph or getting stressed out
- restraint - grooming, suchering
- manipulation - catheter
- surgery
- control seizures or convulsions
- euthanasia - overdose
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3 Basic Types of Anesthesia
- Local - agent works in neurons in a limited, specific area
- Regional - loss of pain sensation in certain regions of the body; Regional Blocks (epidural) & used to evaluate lameness in horses
- General - drug-induced loss of consciousness during which patients are not arousable, even by painful stimulation (pain is the last stimulant to leave)
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Parenteral
- most commonly/often used
- IV, IM (IP)
- SQ (primarily for locals)
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Parenteral Advantages
simplicity of equiptment
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Parenteral Disadvantages
- slower onset
- difficult to control level of anestheic (regulate)
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3 Essential Requirements with Inhalants
- supply oxygen to lung alveolar membrane
- remove carbon dioxide from lungs
- supply anesthetic gas at a controlled partial pressure - must mantain alveolar ventiliation, inhalents depress respiratory center, artifical ventilation is necessary
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Inhalants Advantages
- control depth of anestsia
- recover more quickly
- quick onset
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Inhalants Disadvantages
- expensive
- sophisticated equiptment
- arrive as a liquid (machine converts to gas) $100/bottle and up
- environmental pollution
- some harmful to humans
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Other Anesthetics
- oral
- rectal
- topical
- hypothermia
- hypnosis
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Criteria for Anesthesia
- species
- health status - want animal to be healthy, but can't always do that/what drugs are in the animal from before
- type of procedure/purpose - reason
- duration - how long animal needs to be under anesthesia
- post-op fate - what happens to the animal when it's done
- facilities - what is avaliable to use
- legal - AWA boundaries
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Wildlife/Zoos Uses:
- Jab stick, dart gun (blow gun)
- drugs that are long lasting (hours)
- reversible - so animals can fend for themselves when procedure is done
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Stage I
- Onset
- mostly conscious with normal vitals
- Papperbrial - eyelid reflex stops
- now lowering of the pain threshold
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Stage II
- Excitement
- Exaggereated Reflexes
- Animals may struggle, bite, kick
- need to progress through this rapidly to minimize effects
- Muscle twitching, sphyncters relax
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Stage III
- Surgical Depth
- Four Planes
- used toe reflex as determinant
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Stage III Plane 1
- still has blink and swallow reflexes
- regular respiration with good chest motion
- light anesthetic
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Stage III Plane 2
- BEST plane for surgery
- normal respiration/chest movement
- lost reflexes & pupil fixed to the center
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Stage III Plane 3
- Deep anesthesia
- Depressed heart rate and respiration rate
- ventilation is used to breath for animal
- used for large surgeries
- people need to pay close attention to animal while in this stage
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Stage III Plane 4
- DANGER!!
- Death is creeping in!
- Lungs working only from diaphragm
- not a lot of time before stage 4
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Monitoring Animals - Clinical Signs
- Respiration (RR)
- Circulation (HR)
- Perfusion (CRT)
- muscle relaxation
- occular
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Monitoring Animals - Reflexes
- Corneal - something coming at eye=blinking
- Palpbral
- Vibrissae - touch whiskers
- Pinch (toe, tail, ear)
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Common Drugs
- Phenothiazines (Acepromazine)* - sedative
- Butorphanols (Torbugesic, Torbutrol) - potent anoglesic
- Benzodiazepines (Diazepam/Valium) - muscle relaxant
- Xylazine Hydrochloride (Xylazine/Rompun)* - little of all 3 listed before
- Pentobarbital Sodium (Pentobarb; Nembutal; Mebumal) - control seizures
- Ketamine Hydrochloride (Ketamine)* - no muscle relaxant
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Inhalants (Volatile Anesthetics)
- Halothane, Methoxyflurane (2 most common)
- Enflurane
- Isoflurane
- Sevoflurane
- Desflurane
- all inhalants require their own special vaporizor
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Dosing
- Based on animal's body weight - almost always in g or kg's
- Effects will vary - living breathing bio systems; metabolism is different; circulatory problems
- Always better to underdose first
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1 ounce = ? mL
30 mL = 1 oz.
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1 tablespoon = ? mL
15 mL = 1 tbsp
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1 kg = ? lbs
2.2 lbs = 1 kg
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1 teaspoon = ? mL
5 mL = 1 tsp.
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