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aorta
largest artery of the body; vessel through which oxygenated blood exits the heart
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aortic valve
valve between the aorta and the left ventricle
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arteriole
a tiny artery connecting to a capillary
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artery
a thick-walled blood vessel that, in systemic circulation, carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
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atrioventricular bundle
bundle of fibers in the interventricular septum that transfers charges in the heart's conduction system; also called bundle of His
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atrioventricular (AV) node
specialized part of the interatrial septum that sends a charge to the bundle of His
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atrioventricular valve
one of two valves that control blood flow between the atria and ventricles
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atrium
either of the two upper chambers of the heart
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bicuspid valve
atrioventricular valve on the left side of the heart
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blood
essential fluid made up of plasma and other elements that circulates throughout the body; delivers nutrients to and removes wate from the body's cells
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blood pressure
measure of the force of blood surging against the walls of the arteries
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blood vessels
any of the tubular passageways in the cardiovascular system through which blood travels
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bundle of His
see atrioventricular bundle
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capillary
the smallest blood vessel that forms the exchange point between the arterial and venous vessels
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carbon dioxide (CO2)
waste material tranported in the venous blood
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cardiac cycle
repeated contraction and relaxtion of the heart as it circulates blood within itself and pumps it out to the rest of the body or the lungs.
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cardiovascular
relating to or affecting the heart and blood vessels
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carotid artery
artery that transports oxygenated blood to the head and neck
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conduction system
part of the heart containing specialized tissue that sends electrical charges through heart fibers, causing the heart to contract and relax at regular intervals
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coronarty artery
blood vessel that supplies oxygen-rich blood to the heart
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depolarization
contracting state of the myocardial tissue in the heart's conduction system
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diastole
relaxation phase of a heartbeat
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ductus arteriosus
structure in the fetal circulatory system through which blood flows to bypass the fetus's nonfunctioning lungs.
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ductus venosus
structure in the fetal circulatory system through which blood flows to bypass the liver
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endocardium
membranous lining of the chambers and valves of the heart; the innermost layer of heart tissue
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endothelium
lining of the arteries that secretes substances into the blood
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epicardium
outermost layer of heart tissue
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femoral artery
an artery that supplies blood to the thigh
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foramen ovale
opening in the septum of the fetal heart that closes at birth
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heart
muscular organ that receives blood from the veins and sens it into the arteries
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inferior vena cava
large vein that draws blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium
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left atrium
upper left heart chamber
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left ventricle
lower left heart chamber
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lumen
channel inside an artery through which blood flows
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mitral valve
see bicupsid valve
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myocardium
muscular layer of heart tissue between the epicardium and the endocardium
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pacemaker
term for the sinoatrial (SA) node; also, an artificial device that regulates heart rhythm
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pericardium
protective covering of the heart
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polarization
resting state of the myocardial tissue in the conduction system of the heart
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popliteal artery
an artery that supplies blood to the cells of the area behind the knee
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pulmonary artery
one of two arteries that carry blood that is low in oxygen from the heart to the lungs
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pulmonary valve
valve that controls the blood flow between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries
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pulmonary vein
one of four veins that bring oxgenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
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pulse
rhythmic expansion and contraction of a of a blood vessel, usually an artery
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repolarization
recharging state; transition from contraction to resting that occurs in the conduction system of the heart
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right atrium
upper right chamber of the heart
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right ventricle
lower right chamber of the heart
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saphenous vein
any of a group of veins that transport deoxygenated blood from the legs
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semilunar valve
one of the two valves that prevent the backflow of blood flowing out of the heart into the aorta and the pulmonary artery
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septum
partition between the left and right chambers of the heart
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sinoartrial (SA) node
region of the right atrium containing specialized tissue that sends electrical impulses to the heart muscle, causing it to contract
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sinus rhythm
normal heart rhythm
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superior vena cava
large vein that transports blood collected from the upper part of the body to the heart
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systole
contraction phase of the heartbeat
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tricuspid valve
atrioventricular valve on the right side of the heart
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valve
any of various structures that slow or prevent fluid from flowing backward or foward
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vein
any various blood vessels carrying deoxygenated blood toward the heart, except the pulmonary vein
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vena cava
see superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
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ventricle
either of the two lower chambers of the heart
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venule
a tiny vein contracting to a capillary
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arteri(o), arter(o)
artery
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AMI
acute myocardial infarction
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ASCVD
arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease
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ASHD
arteriosclerotic heart disease
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BP
blood pressure bpm beats per minute
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CABG
coronary artery bypass grant
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CAD
coronary artery disease
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CHD
coronary heart disease
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CHF
congestive heart failure
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CPK
creatine phosphokinase
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CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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CVA
cerebrovascular disease
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DIC
disseminated intravascular coagulation
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DSA
digital subtraction angiography
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DVT
deep venous thromosis
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ECG, EKG
electrocardiogram
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ETT
exercise tolerance test
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GOT
glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
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HDL
high-density lipoprotein
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LDH
lactate dehydrogenase
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LVH
left ventricular hypertrophy
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MI
mitral insufficiency; myocardial infarction
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MUGA
multiple-gated acquisition scan
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MVP
mitral valve prolapse
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PAC
premature atrial contraction
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PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
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PVC
premature ventricular contraction
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tPA, TPA
tissue plasminogen activator
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VLDL
very low-density lipoprotein
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VSD
ventricular septal defect
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VT
ventricular tachycardia
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angiocardography
viewing of the heart and its major blood vessels by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium
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angiography
viewing of the heart's major blood vessels by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium
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aortography
viewing of the aorta by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium
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arteriography
viewing of a specific artery by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium
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auscultation
process of listening to body sounds via a stethoscope
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cardiac catheterization
process of passing a thin catheter through an artery or vein to the heart to take blood samples, inject a contrast medium, or measure various pressures
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cardiac enzyme tests/studies
blood tests for determining levels of enzymes during a myocardial infarction; serum enzyme tests
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cardiac MRI
viewing of the heart by magnetic resonance imaging
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cardiac scan
process of viewing the heart muscle at work by scanning the heart of a patient into whom a radioactive substance has been injected
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cholesterol
fatty substance present in animal fats; cholesterol circulates in the bloodstream, sometime causing arterial plaque to form
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digital subtraction angiography
use of two angiograms done with different dyes to provide a comparison between the results
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Doppler ultrasound
ultrasound test of blood flow in certain blood vessels
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echocardiography
use of sound waves to produce images showing the structure and motion of the heart
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ejection fraction
percentage of the volume of the contents of the left ventricle ejected with each contraction
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electrocardiography
use of the electrocardiograph in diagnosis
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Holter monitor
portable device that provides a 24-hour electrocardiogram
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lipid profile
laboratory test that provides the levels of lipids, triglycerides, and other substances in the blood
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multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) angiography
radioactive scan showing heart function
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phlebography
viewing of a vein by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium
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positron emission tomography (PET) scan
type of nuclear image that measures movement of the heart
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serum enzyme tests
laboratory tests performed to detect enzymes present during or after a myocardial infarction; cardiac enzyme studies
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sonography
production of images based on the echoes of sound waves against structures
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sphygmomanometer
device for measuring blood pressure
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stress test
test that measures heart rate, blood pressure, and other body functions while the patient is exercising on a treadmill
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trigylceride
fatty substance;lipid
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venography
viewing of a vein by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium
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ventriculogram
x-ray of a ventricle taken after injection of a contrast medium
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aneurysm
ballooning of the artery wall caused by weakness in the wall
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angina pectoris
chest pain, usually caused by a lowered oxygen or blood supply to the heart
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aortic regurgitation or reflux
backward flow or leakage of blood through a faulty aortic valve
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aortic stenosis
narrowing of the aorta
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arrhythmia
irregularity in the rhythm of the heartbeat
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arteriosclerosis
hardening of an arteries
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arteritis
inflammation of an artery or arteries
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atheroma
a fatty deposit (plaque) in the wall of an artery
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atherosclerosis
hardening of the arteries caused by the buildup of atheromas
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atrial fibrillation
an irregular, usually rapid, heartbeat caused by overstimulation of the AV node
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atrioventricular block
heart block; partial or complete blockage of the electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles
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bacterial endocarditis
bacterial inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
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bradycardia
heart rate of fewer than 60 beats per minute
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bruit
sound or murmur, especially an abnormal heart sound heard on ausculatation, especially of the carotid artery
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cardiac arrest
sudden stopping of the heart; also called asystole
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cardiac tamponade
compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac
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cardiomyopathy
disease of the heart muscle
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claudication
limping caused by inadequate blood supply during activity; usually subsides durning rest
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coarctation of the aorta
abnormal narrowing of the aorta
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congenital heart disease
heart disease (usually a type of malformation) that exists at birth
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congestive heart failure
inability of the heart to pump enough blood out during the cardiac cycle; collection of fluid in the lungs results
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constriction
compression or narrowing caused by contractions, as of a vessel
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coronary artery disease
condition that reduces the flow of blood and nutrients through the arteries of the heart
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cyanosis
bluish or purplish coloration, as of the skin, caused by inadequate oxygenation of the blood
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deep vein thrombosis
formation of a thrombus (clot) in a deep veing, such as a femoral vein
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dysrhythmia
abnormal heart rhythm
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embolus
mass of foreign material blocking a vessel
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endocarditis
inflammation of the endocardium, especially an inflammation caused by a bacterial (for example, staphylococci) or fungal agent
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essential hypertension
high blood pressure without any known cause
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fibrillation
random, chaotic, irregular heart rhythm
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flutter
regular but very rapid heartbeat
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gallop
triple sound of a heartbeat, usually indicative of serious heart disease
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heart block
see atrioventricular block
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hemorrhoids
varicose condition of veins in the anal region
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high blood pressure
see hypertension
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hypertension
chronic condition with blood pressure greater than 140/90
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hypertensive heart disease
heart disease caused, or worsened, by high blood pressure
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hypotension
chronic condition with blood pressure below normal
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infarct
area of necrosis caused by a sudden drop in the supply of arterial or venous blood
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infarction
sudden drop in the supply of arterial or venous blood, often due to an embolus or thrombus
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intermittent claudication
attacks of limping, particularly in the legs, due to ischemia of the muscles
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intracardiac tumor
a tumor within one of the heart chambers
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ischemia
localized blood insufficiency caused by an obstuction
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low blood pressure
see hypotension
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mitral insufficiency or reflux
backward narrowing at the opening of the mital valve
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mitral stenosis
abnormal narrowing at the opening of the mitral valve
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mitral valve prolapse
backward flow of blood into the left atrium due to protrusion of one or both mitral cusps into the left atrium during contractions
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murmur
soft heart humming sound heard between normal beats
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myocardial infarction
sudden drop in the supply of blood to an area of the heart muscle, usually due to a blockage in a coronary artery
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myocarditis
inflammation of the myocardium
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necrosis
death of tissue or an organ or part due to irreversible damage; usually a result of oxygen deprivation
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occlusion
the closing of a blood vessel
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palpitations
uncomfortable pulsations of the heart felt as a thumping in the chest
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patent ductus arteriosus
a condition at birth in which the ductus arteriosus, a small duct between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, remains abnormally open
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perfusion deficit
lack of flow through a blood vessel, usually caused by an occlusion
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pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
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peripheral vascular disease
vascular disease in the lower extremities, usually due to blockages in the arteries of the groin or legs
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petechiae
minute hemorrhages in the skin
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phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
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plaque
buildup of solid material, such as a fatty deposit, on the lining of an artery
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premature atrial contractions (PACs)
atrial contractions that occur before the normal impulse; can be the cause of palpitations
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premature vetricular contractions (PVCs)
ventricula contractions that occur before the normal impulse; can be the cause of palpitations
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pulmonary artery stenosis
narrowing of the pulmonary artery, preventing the lungs from receiving enough blood from the heart to oxygenate
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pulmonary edema
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs
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Raynaud's phenomenon
spasm in the arteries of the fingers causeing numbness or pain
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rheumatic heart disease
heart valve and/or muscle damage caused by an untreated streptococcal infection
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risk factor
any of various factors considered to increase the probability that a disease will occur; for example, high blood pressure and smoking are considered risk factors for heart disease
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rub
frictional sound heard between heartbeats, usually indicating a pericardial murmur
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secondary hypertension
hypertension having a known cause, such as kidney disease
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septal defect
congenital abnormality consisting of an opening in the septum between the atria or ventricles
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stenosis
narrowing, particularly of blood vessels or of the cardiac valves
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tachycardia
heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute
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tetralogy of Fallot
set of four congenital heart abnormalities appearing together that cause deoxygenated blood to enter the systemic circulation: ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, incorrect position of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy
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thrombophlebitis
inflammation of a vein with a thrombus
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thrombosis
presence of a thrombus in a blood vessel
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thrombotic occlusion
narrowing caused by a thrombus
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thrombus
stationary blood clot in the cardiovascular system, usually formed from matter found in the blood
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tricuspid stenosis
abnormal narrowing of the opening of the tricuspid valve
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vavulitis
inflammation of a heart valve
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varicose vein
dilated, enlarged, or twisted vein, usually on the leg
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vegetation
clot on a heart valve or opening, usually caused by infection
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anastomosis
surgical connection of two blood vessels to allow blood flow between them
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angioplasty
opening of a blocked blood vessel, as by balloon dilation
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angioscopy
viewing of the interior of a blood vessel using a fiberoptic catheter inserted or threaded into the vessel
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arteriotomy
surgical incision into an artery, especially to remove a clot
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balloon catheter dilation
insertion of a balloon catheter into a blood vessel to open the passage so blood can flow freely
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balloon valvuloplasty
procedure that uses a balloon catheter to open narrowed orifices in cardiac valves
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bypass
a structure (usually a vein graft) that creates a new passage for blood to flow from one artery to another artery or part of an artery; used to create a detour around blockages in arteries
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cardiopulmonary bypass
procedure used during surgery to divert blood flow to and from the heart through a heart-lung machine and back into circulation
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coronary angioplasty
see angioplasty
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coronary bypass surgery
see bypass
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embolectomy
surgical removal of an embolus
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endarterectomy
surgical removal of the diseased portion of the lining of an artery
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endovascular surgery
any of various procedures performed during cardiac catheterization, such as angioscopy and atherectomy
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Fontans operation
surgical procedure that creates a bypass from the right atrium to the main pulmonary artery; Fontan's procedure
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graft
any tissue or organ implanted to replace or mend damaged areas
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heart transplant
implantation of the heart of a person who has just died into a person whose diseased heart cannot sustain life
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hemorrhoidectomy
surgical removal of hemorrhoids
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intravascular stent
stent placed within a blood vessel to allow blood to flow freely
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
see balloon catheter dilation
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phlebotomy
drawing blood from a vein via a small incision
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stent
surgically implanted device used to hold something (as a blood vessel) open
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thrombectomy
surgical removal of a thrombus
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valve replacement
surgical replacement of a coronary valve
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valvotomy
incision into a cardiac valve to remove an obstruction
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valvuloplasty
surgical reconstruction of a cardiac valve
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venipuncture
small puncture into a veing, usually to draw blood or inject a solution
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