-
 Skeletal System
- * Parts of the skeletal system include
- o Bones
- o Joints [connects bone to bone]
- o Cartilages
- o Ligaments
- * The adult skeleton has 206 bones
-
Skeletal System
- * Two major divisions:
- * Axial Skeleton
- o Skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, & thoracic cage.
- * Appendicular skeleton
- o Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, & lower limbs
-
 Axial & Appendicular Skeletons
- * Axial
- o Head, thorax, and vertebral column
- * Appendicular
- * Pectoral girdle
- o Shoulder and upper limbs
- * Pelvic girdle
- o Pelvis and lower limbs
-
 Long Bone I
- * thigh bone (femur)
- * epiphysis: expanded portion
- * diapiphysis: shaft between the two epiphysis
- * periosteum: tough fibrous tissue that helps in bone repair
- [covers bone membrane]
-
 Long Bone II
- * medullary cavity is hollow chamber along the shaft
- * bone marrow: connective tissue that fills the medulary cavity. Could be red or yellow
-
 Microscopice anatomy of long bone I
- * osteocytes are bone cells located in lacuna
- * osteocytes communicate with neighboring cells through small canals called canaliculi
-
 Microscopic anatomy of Long Bone II
- * Matrix is made of collagen and calcium phosphate
- * Lamaelle are rings around the central canal
- * Central canal opening that carries blood vessels and nerves
-
 Endochondral Bone development
- * Occurs in most bones in the body
- * Bones develop from hyaline cartilage
- * Cartilage models starts to grow
- * Changes start in center of diaphysis
- * Cartilage cells become calcified
- * Periosteum develop from connective tissue and encircle the bone
-
 Endochondral Bone development
- * Blood vessels and bone cells (known as osteoblasts) from the periosteum start to invade the calcified cartilage replacing spongy bones
- * This is known as a primary ossification center
- * Osteoblasts (immature bone cells) in the periosteum deposit compact bones around the primary ossification center
-
 Endochondral Bone development
- * Secondary ossification center appears in the epiphysis
- * Spongy bone form in all directions
- * Epiphyseal plate remains between the two ossification centers
- * Epiphyseal plate is made of cartilaginous cells that keep dividing
- * These cells enlarge
- * Bone lengthens
-
 Adult bones
- * Bones stop growing when the epiphyseal plate ossifies
- * Adolescence
- * Stores calcium
- * Two hormones play a role in maintaining calcium levels in the blood
- * Calcitonin�lowers calcium levels in the blood
- * *Parathyroid�raises calcium levels in the blood
- * *[antagonist hormone--opposite]
-
 Adult bone
- * Bone marrow is found in the epipthysis (red) and diaphysis
- (yellow)
- * Red marrow: functions in the formation of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
- * Yellow marrow: stores fat [back up]
|
|
