Chap. 8 Respiratory System

• The following assist the
• diaphragm and intercostals when ventilation demand increases: scalene,
• sternocleidomastoid, pectoral and abdominal wall as known as being slightly
• active during quiet breathing and more active during forceful breathing

• In the last weeks of fetal
• development in uteral the region
• beyond each terminal bronchiole forms this functional structure which is the
• basic gas-exchanging unit of the lung

• The two external flared
• openings

• Tissue that separates air
• from blood in the lung; consists of alveolar epithelium, basement membrane, and
• capillary endothelium, along with their associated structures

• Ducts that end in the lungs
• in clusters of these

• Slight oblique angle where
• the manubrium articulates with the body of the sternum

Opening to the nose

• Uppermost portions of the
• lungs

Bifurcation of the trachea into the right and left mainstream bronchi

Extension of the mucoidal lining of the respiratory tract

Fibrous tissues that connect the ribs to the sternum and to each other anteriorly

Acute angle where the costal pleura meets the diaphragm

Ring of cartilage that forms the lower border of the larynx

Large dome-shaped musclethat separates the thorax from the abdomen: the primary muscle of ventilation

• Vascular channel in the
• fetus that joint the pulmonary artery directly to the descending aorta; it

• Flat cartilage that extends
• from the base, of the tongue backward and upward

• 2/3 of the fetus blood
• flows through this to the bypass the liver’s circulation and flows into the
• inferior vena cav

• Bilateral tubes that
• connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear and mastoid sinus

• The two flared openings of
• the nose

Abdominal muscle group thatfunctions as as accessory muscle of ventilation

The exchange between thegas of the atmosphere and blood

Narrow clefts or slits; thelines that divide or separate the lobes of the lung glottis

Opening in the septumbetween the right and the left atria in the fetal heart. This opening provides a bypass for bloodthat would otherwise flow to the fetal lungs. After birth, the foramen ovale functionally closes.

The body of the sternum

Variable opening betweenthe vocal cords hilum

Lower portion of the upperairway between the oropharynx and larynx

Formed before birth andcarry and are the primary components of the somatic(motor) nervous systemthat carry nervous signals from the brainstem to the respiratory muscles

Abdominal muscle group thatfunctions as an accessaroy muscle of ventilation

The exchange of gasesbetween blood and tissues

The 3 parts of the pharynxis also called this Larynx Lies below the hypopharynxand is formed by a complex arrangement of nine cartilages and numerousmuscles and it functions to protect the respiratory tract during eating,drinking and phonation.

Major divisions of thelungs; the right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two

Upper triangular portion ofthe sternum Mediastinum Portion of the thoraciccavity lying in the middle of the thorax(between the two pleural cavities.) Itextends from the vertebral column to the sternum and contains the trachea,esophagus, heart and great vessels of the circulatory system

The stoking action ofmillions of cilia propels the surround mucus at a speed of about 2 cm perminute

Upper portion of the airwaybehind the nasal and oral cavities Palate Boney plate that separatesthe nasal cavity from the oral cavity

Thin membrane covering thesurface of the chest wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm that is continuous with the visceral pleuraaround the lung hilum

The region where the nasaland oral cavities open into Phrenic nerves Paired nerves thatoriginate as branches of spinal nerves C3-5, pass down along the mediastinum,and innervate the diaphragm: carrynervous signals from the brainstem to the respiratory muscles

Openings between theadjacent alveoli

A single terminalbronchiole that supplies a cluster of respiratory bronchioles. Also referred to a the acinus