infectious diseases

individual who first introduced an infectious agent to population

toxic waste products released by living bacteria

organism capable of cauing disease

ordinarily nonharmful bacterium that causes disease only under unusual circumstances

organisms that live inside our bodies without ordinarily causing disease

toxic products released when bacteria die and decompose

disease causing organism seen only with electron microscope

ordinarily nonharmful bacterium that causes disease only under unusual circumstances

method of differentiating types of bacteria according to their reaction to a chemical stain process

microscopic single celled organism, prokaryotes. reproduce independently but require a host

smaller than bacteria aka: obligate intracellular parasites, grow and reproduce within host cell

particles of protein, folded in such a way that protease enzymes cannot act on them. cause of mad cow disease, aka slow virus

enzymes that beak down protein

yeast, molds, mushrooms are

single celled parasitic organism with flexible membranes and the ability to move

parasite that is 1 - 10 mm long and lives in the distal colon

parasite that attaches to the host's instestinal lining

disease resulting from an infestation of Trichinella spralis. from eating raw uncooked pork

4 routes of infection

the risk of infection is considered theoretical if

the risk of infection is considered measurable if

capable of being trasmitted to anther host

presence of an agent only on the surface of the host without penetrating ti

diseases transmitted by oral fecal routs

diseases that are opportunistic

presence of an agent within the host, without necessarily causing disease

an organism's strength or ability to infect overcome the body's defenses

host's ability to fight infection

factors affecting disease transmission 5

Phases of the Infectious Process 4

time when a host cannot transmit an infectious agent to someone else

time when a host can transmit an infectious agent to some else

time between a host's exposure to infectious agent and the appearance of symptoms

surface protein on most viruses and bacteria that identifies them as self or nonself

protein that is produced in response to and that attacks a disease antigen

creation of antibodies after exposure to a disease

time between exposure to a disease and seroconversion. may test negative when is infected

duration from the onset of signs and symptoms of disease until the resolution of symptoms or death

Barriers to Entry of infection or disease

the various cells involved in the immune response are sometimes called this___. which identifies foreign materials
Includes antigens of most bacteria and viruses
An inflammatory response triggers mechanisms designed to remove foreign material

white blood cells are also called ______ which consist of ____and ________

most common phagocytic white blood cell

process in which certain white blood cells ingest ivaders

generalized, temporary defense against a particular foreign invader is ______ which generates various forms of ___ that react against specific antigens

specialized, permanent defense against a particular foreign antigen is _______ which results from the action of antibodies form from mature ____

particular antigen is remembered

5 classes of human antibodies

body's formation of antibodies against itself

structures of the lymphatic system

antibodies aka: protect against most infectious agents to which body is repeatedly exposed

newborn's protection against disease that results from the mother's transferring some of her antibodies to the fetus

protection against disease developed after birth as a result of a direct exposure to the disease

the assay or laboratory measure of the amount of antibodies against a particular antigen

the measure of a particular vaccine's effectiveness is reported as the antibody _________-

Four phases of infection control in prehospital care

to destroy certain forms of microorganisms but not all.

decontaminate
sterilize

federal law that outlines the rights and responsibilitis of agencies and health care workers when an infectious disease exposure occures

inflammation of the liver with diffuse patchy tissue necrosis

–Transmitted by fecal-oral route
–Typically is mild; many patients are asymptomatic
–Rarely serious and lasts 2–6 weeks

–Virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected blood, semen, vaginal fluids, or saliva
–Risk is significantly higher for EMS providers
5–35% of all needlesticks result in infection
–Vaccination is available and recommended for all EMS workers
–60–80% of infected individuals are asymptomatic
Serum Hepatitis) (HBV

–Primarily transmitted by IV drug abuse and sexual contact
–Chronic infection that can cause active disease years later
–May cause cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease

Exists only concurrently with HBV

–Similar to HVA but primarily associated with contaminated drinking water

–Newly identified virus
–Patients who received blood transfusions who developed post-transfusion hepatitis which could not be identified
–People with hepatitis A, B, or C can be co- or super- infected with hepatitis G

–Most common preventable infectious disease
Most commonly transmitted through airborne respiratory droplets

Development of disease normally occurs 6–12 months after infection
Alveolar macrophages attack bacteria and attempt to “wall them off” (forming granulomas

–Chills, fever, fatigue, chronic cough, weight loss
–Night sweats
–Hemoptysis

acute infection of lungs including alveolar space and interstitial tissue

–Viral respiratory illness that first appeared in southern China in 2002 and became a global threat in 2003
8,098 people worldwide were affected
774 died

Flexion of the neck causes flexion of the hips and knees associated associated with menningitis

inability to fully extend the knees with hips flexed associated with menningitis

–Perform post-exposure prophylaxis within 24 hours
Rifampin, ciprofloxacin (Cipro), or ceftriaxone (Rocephin)

acute viral disease characterized by painful enlargement of the salivary glands

–Viral Infection
Transmitted by airborne droplets and direct contact with saliva of infected patient
Occurs primarily in 5- to 15-year-old patients
–Symptoms
Painful enlargement of salivary glands
Symptoms of cold with earache, difficulty chewing and swallowing

highly contagious acut viral disease chacterized by a reddish rash that appears on the fourth or fifth day of illness

–Viral Infection
Highly communicable, with life-long immunity after disease
Transmitted by airborne droplets and direct contact
–Symptoms
Presents similar to severe cold with fever, conjunctivitis, photophobia, cough, and congestion
Rash

–Systemic Viral Infection
–Symptoms
Sore throat, low-grade fever, and fine pink rash

–Viral Infection
Common cause of pneumonias and bronchiolitis
Commonly associated with lower respiratory infections during the winter
–SymptomsRunny nose and congestion, followed by wheezing, tachypnea, and signs of respiratory distress

severe violent cough, aka pertussis

–Bacterial Infection
–Symptoms
Catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent phases

–Viral Infection
Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Transmitted through oropharyngeal contact
–Symptoms
Fatigue, followed by fever, severe sore throat, oral discharges, and enlarged, tender lymph nodes

–Viral Infection
Transmitted in saliva and commonly infects the oropharynx, face, lips, skin, fingers, and toes
–Symptoms
Fluid-filled vesicles that develop into cold sores or fever blisters, then small ulcerations
Fever, malaise, and dehydration may occur also.

–Infection of the Pharynx and Tonsils
Characteristics
Sudden onset of sore throat and fever, with swelling of the palate, tonsils, and lymph nodes
Common in 5- to 11-year-old patients

–Viral Infection Carried by Rodents
–Characteristics
Fatigue, fever, aches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain
Severe myocardial depression

–Infection of the Brain
Typically viral in nature
Commonly co-exists with meningitis
–Clinical PresentationDecreased level of consciousness, fever, headache, drowsiness, coma, tremors, and stiff neck/back

–Bacterial Infection of the CNS
Infection often occurs in minor wounds and burns
–Symptoms
Rigidity of muscles occurs close to infection site
Generalized symptoms include pain and stiffness in the jaw, muscle spasms, and respiratory arrest

–Inflammatory Disorder
Caused by a tick-borne spirochete
–Stages of Disease
Early localized
“Bull’s eye” rash
Early disseminated
Spirochete spreads to the skin, nervous system, heart, and joints
LateEncephalopathy with cognitive deficits, depression, and sleep disorders

–Gram-Negative Bacterial Infection
Transmitted by direct sexual contact with infected partner
–Symptoms
LocalSystemic

–Bloodborne Infection
Caused by spirochete
Transmitted by sexual intercourse or direct contact with a lesion
–Stages
Primary
Secondary
Latent
Tertiary

–Viral Infection
Highly contagious
Transmitted by contact
–Symptoms
Cauliflower-like, fleshy growths on the penis, anus, labial surfaces, and anal mucosa

–Viral Infection
Transmitted by sexual contact
–Characteristics
Vesicular lesions on penis, anus, rectum, mouth, vulva, buttocks, legs, and perineum
Lesions that heal but occur throughout the patient’s lifetime

–Parasitic Infection
Transmitted by sexual activity and hand-to-hand contact of eye secretions
–Characteristics
Similar to gonorrhea
May cause blindness, sterility

–Protozoan Parasite Infection
Transmitted by sexual contact
Males usually asymptomatic carriers
–Characteristics
Vaginal discharge, irritation of the perineum and thighs, and dysuria Often concurrent with gonorrhea

–Highly Contagious Bacterial Ulcer
Transmitted by direct sexual contact
–CharacteristicsPainful, inflamed pustule or ulcer that may appear on the penis, anus, urethra, or vulva

–Bacterial Infection
Highly contagious
Spread by direct contact
Caused by staphylococci or streptococci
–Lesions most commonly occur on the extremities and joints
–Standard precautions

–Parasitic Infestation
Commonly occurs on the scalp, trunk, or pubic areas
–Repeated infestations may cause an allergic response Treatment

–Mite Infestation
Characterized by intense itching
–Remove and decontaminate any clothing that may have contacted the patient

aquired while in hospital

–Pathogens
Often include antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections:
Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE)
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSE)
Tuberculosis