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Pulmonary collapse is due to
Damage to the visceral pleura of the lung causing it to collapse
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What happens during inspiration in a pulmonary collapse
The mediastinum shifts towards the effected side
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In tension pneumothorax upon inspiration, what shift takes place
The mediastinum shifts towards the unaffected side
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What is tension pneumothorax
This is when air enters the pleura cavity through the thoracic wall or the visceral surface of the lung but it can not escape causing the lung to collapse
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What is pyothorax
Pus in the lung
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Bronchogenic carcinoma normally metastasizes where
Early on to the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes and then to thoracic lymph nodes
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Lung cancer often includes what nerves, having what effect
- Phrenic, paralysis of hemidiaphragm
- Recurrent Laryngeal, causing hoarseness of voice
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What is the clinical significance of the carina
It has a sharp angle that can be seen with a bronchoscope to identify any abnormalities
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Inflammation of what lymph nodes would cause displacement of the carina
Tracheobronchial lymph nodes
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Thoracocenthesis
Removal of fluid, pus, or blood from the thoracic cavity
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From what space is a thoracocenthesis removing fluid
Costodiaphragmatic recess
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Where, and how is a needle inserted for a thoracocentesis
9th intercostal space, midaxillary line, pointing upward
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Where does one listen for the apex of the lungs
Superior to middle third of the clavicle
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Where does one listen for the superior lobe of the lung
Second intercostal space
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The middle of the right lung is best heard where
Fourth intercostal space on the right side
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The inferior lung can be heard best where
6-7 intercostal space
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Normally, how many bronchial arteries arise from the thoracic aorta
Two left and one right
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Bronchial arteries supply nutrition to what structures
- Root of lung
- Supporting tissue of lung
- Visceral pleura
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Pulmonary embolism
Obstruction of pulmonary artery or its branches by a blood clot, fat lobule, or air bubble
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Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can result from
A large embolus blocking the pulmonary artery or one of its major branches
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Veins from the visceral pleura drain where
Pulmonary veins
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Bronchial veins drain
Only part of the blood supplied by the bronchial arteries, the remainder is drained by the pulmonary vein
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Where does the right bronchial vein drain
Azygos vein
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Where does the left bronchial vein drain
Accessory hemiazygos vein or the left superior intercostal vein
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Where is the subplueral (superficial) lymphatic plexus located
Deep to the visceral pleura
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Drainage of the visceral pleura lymph happens where
Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
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Where is the deep lymphatic plexus located in the lungs
Submucosa of the bronchi it follows the bronchi arteries and veins to the hilum
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Where does the connective tissue surrounding the bronchi drain
Pulmonary lymph nodes
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Parasympathetic innervation to the lungs has what functions
- Motor function to smooth muscles in Bronchial tree (constriction)
- Inhibitory function to pulmonary vessels (dilation)
- Secretory function to the gland of the bronchial tree
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Where does the parasympathetic innervation to the lungs come from
Cell bodies in the vagus pulmonary plexus
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Where does the sympathetic innervation to the lungs come from
Cell bodies in the paravertebral ganglia
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What are the functions of the sympathetic nervous system to the lungs
- Inhibitory to the bronchial muscle (dilator)
- Motor to pulmonary vessels (constrictor)
- Inhibitory to the alveolar glands of the bronchial tree
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What impressions are found on the right lung
- Diaphragm
- IVC
- Cardiac
- SVC
- Right brachiocephalic Vein
- Subclavian Art.
- Trachea
- Esophagus
- Azygos vein
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What impressioins can be found on the left lung
- Aortic Arch and Descending Aorta
- Subclavian Art.
- Left brachiocephalic vein
- Cardiac
- Esophagus
- Diaphragm
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How does the pulmonary artery on the right lung differ from the left
On the left it is above the brochus, on the right it is anterior
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Where are the bronchial veins in respect to the bronchi
Two are anterior, and one posterior on each side
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