Bio Lecture Ch 40 Vocab

the extracellular fluid surrounding the cells

• Extracellular fluid that is not contained in the vessels of a circulatory system
• this bathes every cell in the body
• cells get their nutrients from this
• waste is dumped into this

• The maintenance of a steady state referring to a constant body temperature
• must stay within a narrow range of temperatures
• if it fails, cells can be damaged

• In the regulatory system, it is the threshold to the feedback stimulus
• "reference point"

• In the Regulatory System
• Information about the relationship between the set point of the system and its current state

• In the regulatory System
• any difference between the set point of the system and its current condition

• components of the physiological system
• these effect changes in the internal environment

• Effectors are these
• their activities are controlled by commands from the regulatory system

• A system that uses feedback information to maintain a physiological function or parameter at an optimal level
• this obtains, processes, and integrates information
• it issues commands to controlled systems

• a cell that in responsive to a particular physical or chemical stimulation
• they provide feedback information that is compared to the set point

• In the regulatory system
• information that decreases a regulatory response, returning the system to a set point
• counteracts the influence of the error signal

• In the regulatory system
• information that amplifies a regulatory response, increasing the deviation of the system from the set point

• In the regulatory system
• Information that changes the set point of the system
• predicts the change of the internal environment before it happens

• A group of similar cells organized into a functional unit
• usually integrated with other tissues to form part of an organ

• Epithelial
• Muscle
• Connective
• Nervous

• sheets of densely packed, tightly connected epithelial cells
• this creates the boundaries between the inside and outside of the body and between body components

• excitable tissue that can contract through the interactions of actin and myosin
• one of the four major tissue types

• Skeletal
• Cardiac
• Smooth

• type of muscle tissue characterized by multinucleated cells containing highly ordered arrangements of actin and myosin microfilaments.
• "Striated" muscle
• mostly attach to bones
• responsible for locomotion and other motions

• A type of muscle tissue that makes up, and is responsible for the beating of, the heart
• characterized by branching cells with single nuclei
• striated appearance
• these muscles are interwoven to create strength

• A type of muscle tissue consisting of sheets of mononucleated cells innervated by the autonomic nerve system
• responsible for involuntary forces

• a type of tissue that connects/surrounds other tissues
• its cells are embedded in a collagen-containing matrix

• Cartilage
• Bone
• Adipose
• Blood

• 2 basic cell types = neurons and glial cells
• encode information as electrical signals

• a body part
• composed of different tissues integrated to perform a distinct function
• integrated into organ systems
• EX-liver, heart, brain, root, leaf

• an interrelated and integrated group of tissues and organs that work together in a physiological function
• EX-digestive system

• a value the compares the rate of a biochemical process or reaction over 10^oC temperature ranges.
• Q₁₀ = 1 means that the process is NOT temp sensitive
• Q₁₀ = 2, 3 means that the process IS temp. sensitive and the reaction speeds up as temp increases

an animal that is DEPENDENT on external heat sources for regulating its body temperature

An animal that can control its body temperature by expenditure of its own metabolic energy

• an animal that regulates its body temperature at a constant level at some times but not others
• "hibernators"

• Radiation
• Convection
• Conduction
• Evaporation

The transfer of heat from warmer objects to cooler ones via the exchange of infrared radiation

the transfer of heat to or from a surface via a moving stream of air or fluid

the transfer from one object to another through direct contact

the transfer of water from the liquid to the gaseous phase

a quantitative description of all path of energy exchange between an animal and its environment

the range of temperatures over which an endotherm does not have to expend extra energy to thermoregulate

The minimum rate of energy turnover in an awake (but resting) bird or mammal that is not expending energy for thermoregulation

fat tissue specialized to produce heat

• the part of the brain lying below the thalamus.
• coordinates water balance, temp regulation, and metabolism

• a molecule that produces a rise in body temperature
• causes a fever
• produced by an invading pathogen or infection

below normal body temperature

an adaptive form of hypothermia used to lower their metabolic rate

• the inactivity of some animals during winter
• marked by a drop in body temperature and metabolic rate