Biology Exam 1

Science: used to "Understand Nature"

Technology: used to "Apply Knowledge"

• Science is used to make DISCOVERIES
• Technology is used to make INVENTIONS

*More discoveries equal greater inventions, we discover stuff through inventions

Curiosity

Wants and Needs

• Compounds that contain hydrogen-carbon bonds.
• 

"Water loving" (Dissolves in water)

"Water fearing" (Does NOT dissolve in water)

Size and Shape

Def: Large Organic Compounds/Molecules

• Structure:
• Creation- remove water + dehydration
• Breaking- Add water (Hydrolysis)

• Carbs
• Lipids
• Proteins

• "Hydrophillic"
• 1. Monosaccharide - one sugar
• 2. Polysaccharide- more than one sugar unit together

Long chain of Amino Acids (AA-AA-AA-AA)

• Enzymes
• Transporters
• Signals (Hormones)
• Defense (Antibodies)
• Storage

• (They build on each other)
• 1. Primary level: Amino Acid Chain (polypeptide)
• 2. Secondary Level: Polypeptide chain becomes "telephone wire" (alphahelix) or "mountains" (Beta sheets)
• 3. Tertiary Level: combination of alphahelix and beta sheets
• 4. Quartnery level: combining tertiary shapes together 88

• Energy Storage
• Insulation

• Unsaturated
• Saturated

• "Kinks" in structure (not tightly packed)
• Liquid at room temp
• Healthy Fats (Veggie oil, Canola Oil, Olive Oil)

• "No Kinks" in structure (tightly packed)
• Solid at room temp
• Unhealthy (eggs, ice cream, steaks, butter)

A Polymer of Nucleotides

• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
• RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

• Shown as "2 strands"
• Nitrogenous
• 4 Bases:
• 1. Adenine
• 2. Guanine
• 3. Cytosine

*4. Thymine (different from RNA)

• Shown as "1 strand"
• Nitrogenous
• 4 Bases:
• 1. Adenine
• 2.Guanine
• 3. Cytosine

*4. Uracil (Different from DNA)

• Form of Discovery Science
• "Specific to General" (Specific observations to general conclusions)
• Ex. an individual with black and white strips is a zebra---All zebras have black and white stripes

• Form of Hypothesis Science
• "General to Specific"
• Hypothesis --> Experiment

• "Anything that cannot be tested, proved, disproved"
• A.God
• B. Proving supernatural
• C. Faith or Belief

"The study of life"

• "Fundamental unit of life"
• 1. Enclosed in membraine with passage
• 2. DNA- genetic information
• 3. Two types:
• -Prokaryotic- simple (very diverse, bacteria)
• -Eukaryotic- complex (plants, people, mushrooms)

• 1. Observation (usually from discovery science) leads to wanting an explanation
• 2. Hypothesis (Proposed explanation) must be testable and falsifiable.
• 3. Experiment/Test:
• Control group- no change; used to compare
• Experimental group- change of simple variable
• Conclusion- test falsifies or does not falsify hypothesis

Testable and Falsifiable

• Broad in scope
• -explains several observations
• -supported by large amounts of evidence
• -generates new hypothesis

• 1. Light
• 2. Electron

• "Describes" nature
• Uses Inductive Reasoning
• based on Observations and measurements

• "Explains" Nature
• Uses Deductive Reasoning

• Regulation of internal environment (PH and temp)
• Ex. "Sweating in human beings)

Protein

ASE

• Function is to speed up (Catalyze) reaction.
• control how fast "reactants" become "products"

Reactants, Product

A molecule upon which an enzyme acts

Active site

Enzymes are specific to substrates, if they can't fit, they will not go into enzyme

When Enzyme breaks down losing shape and function due to temp. too high or PH incorrect

Chemical that interferes with enzyme activity

• Competitve
• Non-Competitive

• Resembles substrate and competes for active site
• 

• Bind to enzyme but they bind at a different site, not active site.
• This changes active site and renders it useless
• 

• Quantity of Products are too high
• Result: Product becomes non-competitive inhibitor

• Poisons and chemical warfare
• Pesticides
• Penecillin (inhibits bacteria)

"Before Nucleus" has NO NUCLEUS!

"True Nucleus" HAS NUCLEUS!

• DNA (Genetic info)
• Membrane- used as protection from environment
• Ribosomes-Structures that produce protein
• Cytoplasm- Fluid that internal structures suspend in

Produce protein

Bacteria

• Plants
• Animals
• Fungi

• NO NUCLEUS
• NO Internal Organells
• Simple in structure

• Cell Membrane
• Cell Wall- rigid structure to provide support/ protect membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleoid- region of "loose DNA"
• Ribosomes
• Cilia- Cell-to-cell communication (how cells identify each other)
• Flagella- Used to move cell, propels cell

• CONTAINS NUCLEUS
• Complex in structure
• Contains Organelles (organs inside of cells with membranes)

• Nucleus
• Endoplasmic Rectulum
• Golgi Apparatus
• Lysosomes
• Vacuole
• Peroxisome
• Mitochandria
• Chloroplast

Organelle with double-membranes with pours/contains DNA

• Organelle that has 2 types
• 1. Smooth ER: produces more membrane, lipids,

2. Rough ER: same as smooth ER but has ribosomes attached and is the only to produce protein

Organelle that recieves packages from ER, labels packages and distributes

• Organells thats a "Recycling Center" of cell
• breaks down components and determines if components are reusable

• Organelle that provides "general maintanence"
• Animal- transports food to lysosome
• Plant- stores water

• Organelle that acts as "Detox Center"
• converts harmful substances into safe material

• Organells with Double Membranes (contains DNA) with ribosomes located in "matrix."
• MAIN FUNCTION- produces energy in cristae, acts as "Power Plant" of all organelles

• Organelle with Double Membranes (contains DNA, Ribosomes located in "Stroma")
• Photosynthesis- converts solar energy into food

• Nucleus
• Mitochandria
• Chloroplast

• Cytoskeleton- "cell skeleton" network of proteins
• Cell Wall- rigid structure of extra support/protection

• 1. Phospholipid Bilayer: 2 layers of phosphate and fat
• - Phosphate is hydrophillic
• - lipid is hydrophobic
• 2. Protein- embedded in layer

• Glycoprotein- used for cell-to-cell communication, carb identification
• Receptors- to send/recieve messages
• Enzymes- catalyze reaction
• Transporter- transport substances

Concentration Gradient (must have in order to be transported)

• Uses "Passive Transport": moves substances from high concentration to low concentration (moving down gradient)
• Strives to reach equlibrium
• NO ENERGY REQUIREMENT

• Diffusion- movement of hydrophobic substances
• Osmosis- diffusion of WATER across semipermiable membrane

• Isotonic- solute concentration is equal between cell and solution (outside of cell)
• Hypotonic- solute concentration of solution (outside of cell) is LOWER than cell
• Hypertonic- solute concentration of solution (outside of cell) is higher than cell

Ability of solution to make cell Gain or Lose water.

• Uses transport protein and moves hydrophillic substances
• Aquaporins- proteins that move water

• Movement is Low to High "against gradient"
• REQUIRES ENERGY
• REQUIRES TRANSPORT PROTEINS

• Exocytosis- Exporting out cell (EXIT)
• Endocytosis- Importing into cell (ENTER)