A&P Chapter 5: Integumentary System

Keratin producing cells that allow the skin to have its protective effect.

The spider-shaped cells that produce melanin, a dark pigment.

Spiked-like hemisphere cell important for touch sensation.

Star-shaped macrophages that help activate our immune system.

• For example:
• A 300 lbs woman has how much skin fat?

21%

• Found on your hands and soles of your feet.
• Stratum Lucidum (clear layer)

• 1. Stratum Corneum
• 2. Stratum Granulosum
• 3. Stratum Spinosum
• 4. Statum Basale

Lower most layer where Melanocytes and Merkel Cells are found

Upper most layer comprised of dead cells

Layer below Corneum and above Spinosum where keratinocytes can be found releasing granules of lipids and keratin.

Layer above Basale where Langerhan's cells and Keratinocytes can be found.

Papillary: Thin superficial layer made up of areolar connective tissue

Reticular: Deeper and thicker layer made up of dense irregular connective tissue

• (Yellow, redish-brown, black)
• Comes from melanocytes.
• Synthesized by Tyrosinase

• (Yellow to Orange)
• Comes from pigments in plants we eat and accumulates in fatty tissue of the hypodermis.

• (Pinkish)
• Comes from the color of oxygenated blood

Eccrine- A coiled gland that sits below the surface of the skin and secretes sweat from a long tubular structure

Aprocrine- Larger sweat glands that secrete sweat into the hair follicles

Secrete an oily secretion called Sebum which empties into the hair follice and skin pores to soften the skin and hair and reduce water loss

• Chemical Barrier
• Physical/ Mechanical Barrier
• Biological Barrier
• Body Temperature Regulation
• Cutaneous Sensation (Exteroceptors)
• Metabolic Functions
• Blood Reservior
• Excretion

• Soft, fine and usually short.
• Colorless
• Gives the impression of "hairlesss skin"
• Located: On face, chest and back

• Longer, coarser and thicker
• Located: Scalp, pubic and axillary

An excess growth of terminal hair in locations where hair growth in women usually is minimal or absent. Such as the face, chest, stomach, back, upper thighs, and upper arms.

An excess growth of terminal hair and the vellus hair on the face, chest, stomach, back, upper thighs, and upper arms becomes dark. Also known as "WOLF"

Is thinning or a balding of the scalp that can be seen in both men and women. Can be caused by: Acutely High Fever, Surgery, Severe emotional trauma, certain drugs, protein-deficiency, lacation and auto-immune disease.

Is a genectically determined sex-influenced condition

• An inherited skin disorder which causes the thickening of the keratin skin layer in fetal skin. 1 in a half million babies are born with thid disorder. Ryan Gonzales who survived by using Acutane.
• 

Skin pigmentation disorder where melanocytes die creating light patches on the skin. Stress is a factor that can cause it to spread.

A rare genetic condition where there is an overproduction of melanocytes creating dark patches of skin.

A rare genetic condition in which DNA repair processes are defective causing susceptibility to chromosome breaks and cancers when exposed to UV light. Have to stay covered up when going outside.

Birth mark caused by an abnormal collection of dermal blood vessels.

• Flushing of the skin as dermal blood vessels become engorged which can eventually disfigure the skin. Causes redding of tissue (rose color), can cause reconstruction of the face.
• 

Caused by the increase of oil production and the activation of the sebaceous glands during adolescence.

• An inflammatory response that can lead to itching and scratching in response to an external irritant

Generally associated with external agitations.

• Genectic trait taht leads to an autoimmune attack that causes severe skin flaking (scales) and lesions of the skin (plagues).
• 

Patches of skin become rough and inflamed leading to itching and bleeding.

Overgrowth of skin cells.

Benign cancers that result from virus infection. e.g. Herpes and HPV (Dede the "Tree Man")

Benign cancers that emerge on the skin.

Cells of the stratum basale rapidly divide. Starts from the bottom and spreads upward (extends out).

Keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum. Resulting in a crating effect.

Cancer of the melanocytes. e.g. Freckles

• Adenoids Cysticum
• 

Calcification

Pseudoepitheliomatous

• Swelling of the Salivary Glands.
• Partoid Gland- Secretes saliva

Overgrowth of fibrous tissues or scars that can appear after an injury to the skin. Affects the earlobes, upper back, shoulder and chest. And can incorpate pigmentation (Melanoocytes)

Localized breakdown and ulceration due to interference in blood supply. Creates what is known as a "bed sore"

Various fungi are capable of infecting the skin leading to irritation, inflammation, swelling and skin loss. e.g. Athlete's Foot, Ringworm, Yeast Infection and Thrush

• 1st degree: Only the epidermis (Sunburn)
• 2nd degree: Epidermis and upper region of the Dermis (Causing Blisters)
• 3rd degree: Burns the entire region of the skin (Affecting the Hypodermis)

An immune-complex mediated disorder that causes large sheets of epidermis and the underlying dermal surface to become necrotic.

An inflammatory disorder of the skin and mucous membranes that is triggered by an allergic reaction.

• Having more than the typical number of body structures. Digits- Fingers and Toes
• Breasts- The production of extra mammary tissue in-between the mammary and axillary regions

• Articular Cartilage: Ends of most bones
• Costal Cartilage: Connects the ribs to the sternum
• Respiratory Cartilage: Forms the skeleton of the larynx and reinforces respiratory passageways
• Nasal Cartilage: Supports the external nose

Similar to hyaline except that it has elastic fibers. Found in the ear and epiglottis

An intermediate between hyaline and elastic that are highly compressible and have great tensile strength. Found in the cartilages of the knee (menisci) and between the vertebrae disk

• Skull
• Hyoid (Speech and Swallowing)
• Vertebral Column
• Rib Cage

• The Upper Extremities
• Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna and the Hand
• The Lower Extremities
• Pelvic Girdle, Femur, Tibia, Fibula and the Foot

An opening in the bone that provides passageway for nerves and blood vessels

A shallow depression in the bone

A groove or furrow

A canal or long tube-like passageway

A narrow slit

A cavity in a bone

A rounded knuckle-like eminence on a bone that articulates with another bone

A large roughened process where muscle may anchor

A small rounded process

A very large process on a bone

A narrow ridge of bone

A sharp slender process

A honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces, trabeculae, making up the inside of the bone

Smooth dense bone that makes up the outer bone

The neck or shaft of a long bone

The ends of long bones

The area at which bone growth occurs

An tubular space in long bones where yellow marrow can be found

Connective tissue that lines the interior of the diaphysis and the trabecula of spongy bone

Fat marrow

Hematopoetic marrow

Connective tissue that surround the outer surface of bones

The hyaline cartilage that surrounds the ends of bones (Epiphysis)

Secures the peristeum to the underlying bone

Spider-like cells found in bone

Cells that build bone

Cells that breakdown bone

Structural unit of compact bone

The process during development that forms the bony skeleton

Is the process that produces bone

The process by which flat bones of the Skull and the Clavicle are made

• The process by which all other bones are made whereby Hyaline Cartilage skeleton is replaced by bone. Found in Articular Cartilage and ends of Epiphyseal Plate

Process by which bones maintain homeostasis even after adulthood

Occurs after the formation of the bony skeleton until early adulthood

Hormone most responsible for bone growth produced in the Pituitary

Horomone(s) responsible for promoting growth spurts and the feminization and masculinzation of the bone produced by sex organs

Stimulates calcium deposit in bone produced by the Thyroid similar to Osteoblast

Stimulates Osteoclasts to breakdown bone produced by the PT

Overproduction of Growth Hormone leads to imcreases in bone growth

Andre Rene Roussimoff, wrestler who suffered from Gigantism

Underproduction of Growth Hormone

When calcium-salt deposits are not being made even though osteoids are being produced.

When cartilage in the epiphyseal plates are not being calcified leading to bowed legs and deformities in the skull, pelvis and rib cage.

Disease where bone resorption outpaces bone deposit. Affecting the vertebral column

Caused by excessive bone deposit and resorption whereby there is a higher ratio of spongy bone to compact bone

When the bone is twisted

Bone is compacted with another bone or with itself

When bone is broken into several pieces

Bone brakes at an angle other than 90 degrees

When abnormal tissue growth continues to occur after bone growth stops. Also known for the squaring of the head and jaw)

When it affects only one area of the body such as the feet or thumb

Caused by excessive bone deposit leading to cancerous growth of the Maxilla and/or Mandible. Can be fatal if tumor grows to the extent of blocking all air passageways.

An autosomal dominant gene disorder that affects 1st and 2nd arch structures of the zygomatic and mandible. Effects the ears which may cause deafness and mental retardation

Genetic disorder of chromosome 10 that is diagnosed in infancy by the early fusion of the bones of the skull causing a misshapen head which can push the brain down and obstruct the flow of cerebrospinal fluid as well cause the nose and upper jaw to appear suken in and the eyes may appear to pop out. "Owling Effect"

Cleft palate is where the formation of the nasopalatine region does not complete or does not occur either naturally or due to a genetic disorder

A rare hereditary disorder that is characterized by multiple lesions of the lymph glands, overgrowth of one side of the body, an abnormally large head (macrocephaly), partial gigantism of the feet and darkened spots or moles (nevi) on the skin

1st Degree Burn

2nd Degree Burn

3rd Degree Burn