Chapter 20 Lymphatic System

• lymph nodes
• diffuse lymphatic tissue and nodules
• lymphatic vessels
• spleen
• thymus

• filter dead material and infectious organisms from lymph fluid
• house germinating centers for lymphocytes
• vessels absorb fats from GI tract and return to the blood
• vessels return fluids in tissues not reabsorbed by capillaries to blood

• valves, thin walled and compliant
• start as tiny dead end vessels
• not tightly packed cell
• design of the system is not symmetrical; right side just shoulder and arm; left side does all the rest of body

• have cortex and medulla
• -cortex contains germinating centers
• -medulla has reticular fibers for trapping and filtering items form lymph
• -WBC's hang out on fibers and phagocytize bacteria etc.

axillary, cervical, and inguinal etc.

like a giant lymph node but functions are different (gets rid of old RBCs)

• filters blood with reticular fibers
• connected to blood system
• stores about 1 liter of blood
• removes old RBC's from blood
• germinating centers for lymphocytes

• top of the heart
• it makes chemical/ hormones that stimulate WBC

it goes to the subclavious vein and that dumps it in veins which return it to the heart

granular and agranular

• neutrophils
• basophils
• eosinophils

• monocytes
• lymphocytes

• polymorphonucleated cells (PMN) (nucleus can take many shapes)
• phagocytosis (engolfs things)
• NSIS (non specific immune system)

• circulates in blood
• (closely related cell found in tissues; mast cell)
• allergic reactions
• Part of SIS (specific immune system)

• initate and suppress allergic reactions
• fight parasites and tapeworms
• part to SIS
• negitive feedback for basophils

• circulation precursors to marcophages
• take on many roles and specific names
• phagocytic cells
• function mainly with SIS
• they become antigen presenting cells (APC)

• B: make antibodies; part of AMI (antibody mediated immunity)
• T: fight infections through other means; part of CMI (cell mediated immunity)

find cancer cells and virus infected cells on their own

• innate mechanisms that all members of your species will have
• mechanism can not be enhanced with repeated exposure
• they system reacts the same to each infection; not specific response
• theres no memory component

• healthy skin
• mucous membrane
• tears, stomach acids, oils in skin
• phagocytic WBC's
• -create compoundsthat are cytolytic to pathogens as well as to surrounding tissue
• natural killer cells
• interferon
• complement system
• fever response
• inflammatory response

• locate and destroy 'enemy' cells
• -dont need the help of other WBC's to find target and destroy it
• -first line of defense against cancer cells

• anti-viral warning compound; one of the cytokines
• -made by dying cells as a warning to healthy cells
• -uses that second messenger system
• -stimulates uninfected cells to make AVP (anti-viral proteins)
• -Can also activate NK cells

• set of plasma proteins made in liver
• activation or complement fixations leads to a series of enzymatic responses; cascade response

• complement protein C3 'spontaneously' splits due to the presense of certain ingredients in pathogentic, infected, & malignant cells
• or the plasma protein lectin blinds to bacterial components and casues C3 to split

• classical pathway
• specific immunity
• leads to C3 activation

• cytolysis of infectious organism (due to membrane attack complex)
• act as 'glue' for macrophages and the infectious target immunoadherence or opsonization
• causes enhancement of inflammatory response
• Clears Ag-Ab complexes by sticking them on RBC's and allowing macrophages to find and destroy the complexes as they pass through the liver or the spleen

• release endogenous pyrogens
• alters action of the hypothalamus
• depress bacterial reproductions and viral replication
• promotes healing through increased metabolism

• redness, pain, swelling, and increased temp
• stop infection form spreading; bring in WBC's
• vasodilation allows things in blood to enter area

• anything "not of self"; foreign particles
• something's are highly immunogenic or antigenic
• -more elaborate compounds will have more antigenic regions
• antigenic determinants
• hapten: too small for system to 'see'

• active natural: get sick; survive; make Ab and become immune
• active artifical: get vaccine; make Ab's; ready if ever exposed

• passive natural: mother to fetus
• passive artificial: borrow antibodies for short term immunity; can't wait for your own system to take the time to respond

proteins made specifically to bind to a specific antigen; lock and key mechanism

• constant region
• variable region
• Fc region: very end of the constant sem region

• trap: agglutinate and precipitate the Ag's
• neutralization
• activate complement

• make up ~ 80% of the serum antibodies
• half-life of 7-23 days
• a monomer
• activate the classical complement pathway
• Fc portion can bind to macrophages and neutrophils
• is able to cross the placenta

• make up ~ 10% of the serum anitbodies
• the first antibody produced during an immune response
• half-life of 5 days
• pentamer
• activate the classical complement pathways

• make up~ 6% of the serum anitbodies
• half-life ~5 days
• found mainly in body secretion as secretory IgA where it protects interal body surfaces exposed to teh environment by blocking the attachment fo bacteria and viruses to mucous membrane
• provides passive immunity to baby in mother's milk
• made primarily in the mucosal- associated lymphoid tissue
• appears mostly as a dimer 2 "Y" shaped tissues
• secretory component to protect it from digestive enzymes in the secretion
• fc protion of secretory IgA binds to component of mucous

• makes up ~0.002% of the serum antibodies w/ a half-life of 2 days
• tightly bond to basophils and mast cells via its Fc region
• monomer
• response to parasitic worms; ofter made in response to allergen
• protect external mucosal surgaces by promoting inflam, enabling IgG, complement proteins, and leucocytes to enter the tissues
• Fc portion of IgE can bind to mast cells and basophils where it mediates amny allergic reactions

• found in all nucleated cells
• hold onto components that signal damaged or diseased
• cancer cells or virus infected cells can be noticed and destroyed w/ this method
• send a 'kill me' signal to other cells

• these are HLA's
• will hold onto the antigenic 'pieces' of engulfed organisms

• A. young B cell has prototype of Ab's on surface; find and internalizes the anitgen
• B. tell cell line must be found by an APC
• 1.Helper T cells (and maybe) APC find B cells and cause B cells to proliferate
• C.Cells use MCH II to recognize each other
• D. release of chemical signals from activated T cell cause repsonses in B cells
• E.B cell divides making plasma cells, and memory B cells for use later
• F. massive amounts of Ab's produced per second
• G. finding righ B cell/stimulation can take 5 days to 2 weeks
• H. next exposure will cause even greater amounts of Ab's to be made at a faster rate

• A.Involves T cells and not Ab production
• including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells

stimulate T and B cell mitosis and activation (thus leads to increase Ab production)

• use enzymes like perforin
• also make an interleukin which acts as a migration inhibiting factor for macrophages
• TNF: tumor necrosis factor

• watchdogs; wait until next exposure and initiate the T cells recall response
• send out chemotactic signal for variety of cells
• will proliferate into various kinds of T cells

• slow down response
• causing a little bit of negitive feedback

• allergies
• Sx: localized vs. systemic
• response involved IgE, mast cells and eosinophils
• details of degranulation:
• mast cell or basophil releases histamine and other compounds that lead to sx such as: vasodilation, increase mucous membrane production, bronchial tube constriction inflammatory responses, eosinophils release anit- histamines

amount of IgE, # of mast cells vs. # of eosinophils, IgG levels, where Ag enters the body, how much Ag enters

anti- histamines, immunosuppressants, may need epinephrine in systemic reactions, try to raise IgG levels as blocker antibody, take anti- leukotryenes

• cellular antigen source is destroyed; cytotoxic
• 1.complement fixation by IgG or IgM leads to cell lysis
• ex: transfusion reaction, transplant rejection, erythroblastosis fetalis

• immune complex disorder
• 1.Make Ab's against own tissues; systems ability to recongize self is flawed
• 2. large #s of Ab's lead to inflammatory responses in tissue and compliment fixation
• 3. Ex: RA, lupus

• takes one to two days fro sx
• sx are more prolonged
• damage is due to too many macrophages being called to the are (self- destruction results)
• contract dermatitis: poison ivy
• IDD: destruction of beta cells by cytotoxic T cells

=)