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Bipolar neuron
Neuron with one axon and one dendrite
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Dendritic spine
Protrusion from a dendrite that greatly increase its surface area and is the usual point of dendritic contact with axons
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Axon hillock
Juncture of soma and axon where the action point of dendritic contact with axons
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Synapse
Gap between one neuron and another neuron, usually between an end foot of the axon of one neuron and a dendritic spine of the other neuron
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End foot
Knob at the tip of an axon that conveys information to other neurons also; also called terminal button
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Somatosensory neuron
Brain cell that brings sensory information from they body into the spinal cord
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Soma (Cell body)
Core region of the cell containing the nucleus and other organelles for making proteins
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Dendrite
branch of a neuron that consist of an extension of the cell membrane, thus increasing the area of the cell
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Interneuron
Association neuron interposed between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron; neurons constitue most of the neurons of the brain
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Pyramidal Cell
Distinctive neuron found in the cerebral cortex
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Purkinje cell
Distinctive neuron found in the cerebellum
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Glial cell
Nervous system cell that provides insulation, nutrients, and support, as well as aiding in the repair of neurons
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Tumor
Mass of new tissue that grows uncontrolled and independent of surrounding structures
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Ependymal cell
Glial cell that makes and secretes cerebral spinal fluid; found on the walls of the ventricles of the brain
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Hydrocephalus
Buildup of pressure in the brain and swelling of the head caused if the flow of CFS is blocked; can result in retardation
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Astrocyte
Glial cell with a star-shaped appearance that provides structural support to neurons in the central nervous system and transports substances between neurons and capillaries
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Microglial cell
form of glial cell that scavenges debris in the nervous system
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Myelin
Glial coating that surrounds axons in the central and peripheral nervous system
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Oligodendroglial
Gilal cell in the central nervous system that myelinates axons.
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Schwann cell
Glial cell in the peripheral nervous system that forms the myelin on sensory and motor axons
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Multiple sclerosis
Nervous system disorder that results from the loss of myelin around neurons.
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Huntington's chorea
Autosomal genetic disorder that results in motor and cognitive disturbances; caused by an increase in the number of CAG repeats on chromosome 4
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Down's syndrome
Chromosomal abnormality resulting in mental retardation and other abnormalities, usually caused by an extra chromosome
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Types of Glial cells
- Ependymal cell- small, secretes cerebrospinal fluid
- Astrocyte- star shaped nutritive and support function
- Microglial cell- mesodermally derived; defensive function
- Oligondendroglial cell- forms myelin around axons in brain and spinal cord.
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Mitochondrion
structure that gathers, stores, and releases energy
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Lysosomes
Sacs containing enzymes that break down wastes
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Golgi body
Membranous structure that packages protein molecules for transport
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Microfilaments
Threadlike fibers making up much of the cell's "skeleton"
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Myelin Sheath
Similar to a Swan cell with it fatty composition acts as a protective covering for axons
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Brain activating systems
- Acetylecholine (affects memory)
- Cholenergic; Dopaninergic (movement/ pleasure and reward lack of it causes parkinsons disease
- Serontonergic system (OCD/schizophrenia) Noradrengic
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3 types of neurotransmitters
- 1. small molecule; acetylcholine
- 2. Amines; Epinephrine(adrenaline) Humans use
- 3. Norepinephrine(noradrenaline), Serotonin, Dopamine
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Neurotransmitter are removed from synapse
- 1. Diffuse
- 2. Dissolve
- 3. Reuptake
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Habituation
Types of learning whereby a stimulus becomes less pronounced at the synaptic level
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DNA
genetic material that makes up our chromosome
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Autoimmune disease
Occurs when the body loses the ability to distinguish between good and bad cells
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Lou Gehrig's Disease(ALS)
Loss of the ability to walk and talk; due to the loss of motor neurons that die
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Depolarization
Occurs when neurons recieve incoming ion and adjust the action potential between the two
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Voltage gradient
differences in electrical charge between two area dopamine
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Neuropeptides
chemical involved with DNA
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Dominant
gene characteristic will take over in place of a recessive gene
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Resting potential
Electrical charge across the cell membrane in the absence of stimulation; a store of energy produced by a greater negative charge on the intracellular side relative to the extracellular side.
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Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a trait.
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Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for the same trait.
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Wild type
Refers to a normal (most common in a population) phenotype or genotype.
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Mutation
Alteration of an allele that yields a different version of that allele.
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Gate
Protein embedded in a cell membrane that allows substances to pass through the membrane on some occasions but not on others.
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Channel
Opening in a protein embedded in the cell membrane that allows the passage of ions.
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Pump
Protein in the cell membrane that actively transports a substance across the membrane
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Transcription and Translation
In protein synthesis, a strand of DNA is transcribed into mRNA. Each sequence of three bases in the mRNA strand (a codon) encodes one amino acid. Directed by the codons, the amino acids link together to form a polypeptide chain. The amino acids illustrated are tryptophan (Trp), phenylalanine (Phe), glycine (Gly), and serine (Ser).
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Multiple sclerosis
Nervous system disorder that results from the loss of myelin (glial-cell covering) around neurons.
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Function of Astrocytes
Astrocyte processes attach to neurons and to blood vessels to provide support between different structures in the brain, stimulate the cells on blood vessels to form tight junctions and so form the blood–brain barrier, and transport chemicals excreted by neurons to blood vessels.
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Hydrocephalus
Buildup of pressure in the brain and swelling of the head caused if the flow of CSF is blocked; can result in retardation.
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Tay-Sachs disease
Inherited birth defect caused by the loss of genes that encode the enzyme necessary for breaking down certain fatty substances; appears 4 to 6 months after birth and results in retardation, physical changes, and death by about age 5.
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Concentration gradient
Differences in concentration of a substance among regions of a container that allows the substance to diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
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Node of Ranvier
The part of an axon that is not covered by myelin.
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Excitatory postsynaptic potential
Brief depolarization of a neuron membrane in response to stimulation, making the neuron more likely to produce an action potential.
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Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
Brief hyperpolarization of a neuron membrane in response to stimulation, making the neuron less likely to produce an action potential.
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Neurotransmitter
Chemical released by a neuron onto a target with an excitatory or inhibitory effect.
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Epinephrine
Chemical messenger that acts as a hormone to mobilize the body for fight or flight during times of stress and as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
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Norepinephrine
Neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
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Cholinergic neuron
Neuron that uses acetylcholine as its main neurotransmitter
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Nicotinic ACh receptor
Ionotropic receptor at which acetylcholine and the drug nicotine act as ligands to activate the flow of ions through the receptor pore.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Behavioral disorder characterized by compulsively repeated acts (such as hand washing) and repetitive, often unpleasant, thoughts (obsessions).
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