A&P

• "to cut up"
• essentially the study of the structures (the what) of the body

• "study of nature"
• essentially the study of the functions (the how) of the body

atoms, the smallest stable units of matter, can combine to form molecules with complex shapes

the smallest living units

a tissue is a group of cells working together to perform one or more specific functions

organs consist of two or more tissues working in combination to perform several functions

organs interact in organ systems

an organism - in this case, a human - is the highest level of organization. all organ systems of the body must work together to maintain the life and health of the organism

• • Literally means “unchanging standing”
• • = the body’s maintenance of a relatively constant (within limits) internal environment despite changes in the internal or external environment
• – The goal is to achieve a state of dynamic equilibrium (balance) of the body’s internal conditions
• • E.g. blood pressure, body temperature, hormone levels, etc., etc., etc.....
• • Most diseases are homeostatic imbalances (e.g. diabetes = insulin and blood glucose imbalances)

controlthat is done locally by the affected cell, tissue, organ, or organ system (e.g. the local vasodilation and vasoconstriction that occurs due to changes in local tissue oxygen levels)

controlthatisdonebythe nervous and/or endocrine systems (e.g. the whole body’s response to beginning exercise)

rapid, fast, usually a few seconds

releases chemical messengers that could take days or weeks

sensor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change or stimulus, internally or externally

receives and processes the info supplied by the receptor, then sends out commands

cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus

a response to a stimulus that negates the stimulus ex. body heat lost to the skin sweating

an initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original condition, rather than opposing it ex. blood clotting

RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ

tic tac toe like with the navel in the center

divides the body into superior and inferior sections

divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

divides the body into left and right sections, midsaggital is right down the middle, parasagittal is parallel to midsaggital

front body cavity that holds nearly every internal organ

surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm, subdivided into right pleural cavity (surrounds right lung), mediastinum (contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels), left pleural cavity (surrounds left lung), pericardial cavity (surrounds heart)

contains peritoneal cavity, which includes: abdominal cavity (many digestive glands and organs), pelvic cavity (urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion of digestive tract)

a flat muscular sheet, divides the ventral body cavity into a superior thoracic cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity

serous membrane layer that covers partial or completley the internal organs to allow for movement and size change

serous membrane layer that opposes the visceral layer and covers the internal cavities

a small chamber that surrounds the heart (relationship btw the heart and the pericardial cavity is that of a fist pushing into a balloon

organs between the peritoneal lining, such as kidneys and pancreas