ch 11 flashcards.txt

Oxidize INORGANIC compounds to obtain ENERGY

Oxidize ORGANIC compounds to obtain ENERGY

Uses CO2 as its carbon source

• Methanogens: OXIDIZE hydrogen gas to generate methane. Use CO2 as final e- acceptor
• Ie: Euryarchaeota
• Found in sewage, swamps, sensitive to oxygen
• Used in bioremediation

• Sulfur and sulfate reducing Bacteria: generate hydrogen SULFIDE, use Sulfate as final e- acceptor.
• Ie: Proteobacteria
• Gram NEG, Essential for sulfur cycle in ecosystem, responsible for rotten egg smell, found in organic matter
• Rxn ie: Organic comp + S (final e-acceptor) -> CO2 + H2S (hydrogen sulfide)

• ALL GRAM +
• Clostridium: endospore forming obligate anaerobes
• Lactic Acid Bacteria � Streptococcus: Lactic acid is major end product of Fermentation, energy only comes from Substrate level phosphorylation. Most can grow in aerobic environments
• Ie for both above: FirmiCUTES
• Propionibacterium: Propionic acid is major end product of fermentation. Swiss cheese
• Ie: Actinobacteria

Cyanobacteria: act to harvest sunlight to produce organic compounds thru conversion of CO2

OXIDIZE hydrogen sulfide or ORGANIC molecules when making NADPH

Photosynthetic bacteria that use WATER as source of electrons. OXIDATION of H20 liberates Oxygen

• ALL Gram NEGATIVE
• Purple Sulfur bacteria (ie Chromatium): Use SULFUR compounds (prefer hydrogen sulfide) as a source of electrons when making reducing power. Ie- Proteobacteria
• Purple Non-sulfur Bacteria (ie Rhodobacter): Use ORGANIC compounds as source of Electrons for reducing power. Found in soil, diverse metabolism. Ie- Proteobacteria
• Green Sulfur bacteria (ie: Chlorobium): Found in habitats similar to purple sulfur bac. ALL are strict ANAEROBES. Ie- Chlorobi
• Chloroflexus: Characterized by filamentous growth. Ie- Chloroflexi
• Others: Heliobacterium- ie-firmicutes

• Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria: incorporate Nitrogen gas & CO2 into organic material to produce ammonia. Helps control CO2 atmosphere levels.
• Occurs in HETEROCYST (protects breakdown of nitrogenase from oxygen)

• Obtain energy by OXIDIZING reduced inorganic chemicals.
• These use oxygen as the final e- acceptor
• Include sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, nitrifiers and hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria

• OXIDIZE organic compounds to obtain energy
• Use oxygen as final e- acceptor.
• Can be classified as: Obligate aerobes or facultative anaerobes
• Ie: Organic compound + O2 -> CO2 + H20

• ALL Gram NEGATIVE
• All seen with Proteobacteria (exceptHYDROGEN oxidizing bacteria, ie is Aquafacae)
• Sulfur-Oxidizing bacteria (ie- Beggiatoa): OXIDIZE reduced sulfur components, sulfuric acid is produced. Ie- S + O2 -> H2SO4 + H20. Live in sulfur springs, cause bulking in sewage treatment.
• Unicellular Sulfur Oxidizers (Thiobacillus): same as above, but some produce enough acid to lower pH to 1.0.
• Nitrifiers (ie- Nitrococcus): OXIDIZE inorganic nitrogen (such as ammoniam(NH4) or Nitrite(NO2)) to obtain ENERGY. Ie- NH4 + O2 -> NO2 + H20 + H
• These deplete O2 in waters that are contaminated with ammonia waste
• Hydrogen Oxidizing Bacteria (ie- Aquifex): Obligate Chemolithotrophs, found in HOT springs. Ie- H2 + O2 -> H20

• OBLIGATE Aerobes (ONLY Aerobic respiration)
• Micrococcus: Gram + in soil. Ie- Actinobacteria
• Mycobacterium (TB): Gram +, lives on DEAD or decaying matter. Ie- Actinobacteria
• Pseudomonas: Gram Neg, motile and pigmented, opportunistic. Ie- Proteobacteria
• Thermus: produces Taq. Ie- Deinococcus-Thermus
• Deinococcus: used to cleanup Radioactive contamination Ie- Deinococcus-Thermus

• Corynebacterium: Gram + rods, inhabits soil, H20. Ie- Actinobacteria
• Enterobacteriaceae (ie- E. coli): Gram neg rods, live in intestinal tract. Ie- Proteobacteria

Argobacterium: causes plant tumors, used by scientists to genetically modify plants to have higher crop yields. ie- (phylum is...Proteobacteria)

Sheathed bacteria (Sphaerotilus): forms chains of cells enclosed within a protective sheath. ie- proteobacteria

Clostridium (anaerobic chemoorganotroph): is a GRAM + rod

• Sulfur Oxidizing bacteria, Nitrifiers & hydrogen oxidizing bacteria (aerobic chemolithotroph)
• Purple Sulfur and Non-sulfur bacteria (anoxygenic phototroph)
• Methanogens (anaerobic chemolithotrophs)
• Corynebacterium (aerobic chemoorganotrophs)

• Methanogens: found in the digestive tract of mammal (anaerobic chemolithotrophs)
• Enterobacteriaceae (ie- E. coli): Gram neg rods, live in intestinal tract

Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria (aerobic chemolithotrophs) can survive and thrive at 95 Celsius.