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strategy that seeks to identify the underlying problems within a community so that community and police can work together to solve them.
problem-oriented policing
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solicited bribes (police corruption)
meat eaters
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handed corrupt money and take it and say nothing. This is the biggest problem because there were way more of them.
grass eaters
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a new approach to policing that is characterized by a lowering of tolerance to crime and deviance and the use of punitive measures to achieve this goal. eliminating discretion among line officers (NYC in 1990s)
zero tolerance
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Patrol officers assigned to specific activities, such as patrolling a high-crime area, chosen after an analysis of crime patterns. crime mapping. Computer states focusing in area where crimes are.
directed partrol
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U.S vs. Leon – police must show they believed the person giving the information and that it was true.
good faith exception
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need to show immediate need to seize evidence (blood in DUI).
exigent circumstances
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eliminated the fleeing felon rule
Tennessee vs. Garner (1985)
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Lawful vantage point; inadvertently see item, clearly illegal
plain view
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(detectives)- complaints against the police (in&out).
internal affairs
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outside entity to police the police.
civilian review
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James Q. Wilson’s 3 styles of policing- Varieties of Police Behavior
- watchman (order maintenance)
- legalistic
- service
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ignore minor infractions; informal dispute resolution
watchman (order maintenence)
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professional; traffic tickets/arrests to protect against corruption
legalistic
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Suburban middle-class; police respond to community needs
service
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state official hands evidence to federal official and federal official can use it in court.
exclusionary rule/silver platter doctrine
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police coercing someone into committing a crime.
entrapment
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sought input from community and created SARA model. (Scanning, Analysis, Response & Assesment). They ID and address community problems.
Herman Goldstein
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Cleaveland, OH case involving search of boarding home with fake warrant. All state courts in the country must apply the exclusionary rule as a matter of constitutional law.
Mapp vs. Ohio (1961)
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taking reports by phone, prioritizing calls, etc. -- Call stacking
differential response
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provide opportuinity for person to commit a crime
sting operation
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new Chief Justice; Due Process Revolution in the USSC
Earl Warren
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facts/circumstances that would lead reasonable person to believe crime was committed and certain person committed it.
probable cause
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started community policing, flattening the hierarchy
President's commission (1967)
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Created by President T. Roosevelt, designed to address anti-trust cases (monopolies).
Mann Act
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necessary for stop & frisk.
resonable suspicion
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additional evidence coming from illegal search excluded.
Fruits of the Poisonous Tree
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process by which American courts have applied portions of the U.S. Bill of Rights to the states
selective incorporation
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helped create Berkely School of Criminology; wrote Police Administration (1950)
O.W. Wilson
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basis for mandatory arrest
Thurman vs. Torrington
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Different standards of proof
- resonable suspicion
- probable cause
- preponderance of evidence
- beyond resonable doubt
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started with Berkley PD in 1905, continued until 1932. Emphasized professionalism, hired college students, used scientific methods
August Vollmer
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Search warrant requirement:
- 4th amendment requires warrant based on probable cause.
- Need to articulate place to be search, items to be seized.
- Warrant searches are rarely challenged out in court—Good fath.
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Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment (1873-74)
- Control districts: same amount of patrol cars as normal.
- Proactive: 3 to 4x as many patrol cars as normal
- Reactive- no cars unless a call. When it came car went in & came out.
- *Found there was no difference in crime.
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tells what the police can do.
US Constitution
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tells what the police can't do. Passed in 1791 but didnt affect procedure for over 100 years.
Bill of Rights
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has reduced personal liberties.
dramatically reduced restrictions on law enforcement agencies' ability to search telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records; eased restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States
Patriot Act
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introduced in the early 1970s in New York City. The approach emphasized the delivery of round the-clock decentralized patrol services by a team of officers, usually under the direction of a sergeant or lieutenant, in a specific geographic area.
team policing
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started in NYC in 1979. volunteers who provide public safety and education in our neighborhood streets our schools and cyberspace
Guardian Angels
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must have a search warrant.
thermal imaging searches
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more flexible; controlled by CEO. Collection of departmental directives governing the performance of duties.
standard operating procedure (SOP)
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usually have their own station houses in which some officers from different specialized function units may also be housed.
police precincts/districts
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territory covered by a police officer on patrol; derived from hunters, “beating” the bushes for game.
beats
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according to the 14th amendment, a fundamental mandate that a person should not be deprived of life, liberty, or property without reasonable and lawful procedures.
due process
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the United States National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, under the direction of former Attorney General George W. Wickersham was given a mandate to investigate the criminal justice system.
Wickersham Commission (1929)
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strategy that relies on public confidence and citizen cooperation to help prevent crime and make the residents of a community feel more secure.
community policing
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group of private citizens taking the law into their own hands by tracking down criminals and punishing them.
vigilantes
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explicit questioning or actions that may elicit an incriminating statement.
interrogation
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effect of police work on an officer’s outlook on the world. Danger and authority are important factors.
"working personality" of police
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largest federal police agency.
FBI
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exceptions to search warrant requirement:
- Border
- Automobile
- Consent
- Hot pursuit
- Plain view
- Stop and frisk
- Exigent circumstances
- Incident to an arrest
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