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absorption
passage of materials throught the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream
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amino acids
building blocks of proteins, produced when proteins are digested
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amylase
enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch
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anus
opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body
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appendix
blind pouch hanging from the cecum (RLQ). it literally means hanging (pend/o) on (ap-)
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bile
digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. it breaks up large fat globules.
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bilirubin
pigment released by the liver in bile
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canine teeth
pointed, 'dog tooth' like teeth, next to the incisors. also called cuspids or eyeteeth
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cecum
first part of the large intestine
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colon
large intestine, consisting of the cecum; the ascending, transverse, and descending segments of the colon, and the rectum
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common bile duct
carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. also called the choledochus
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defecation
elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the rectum
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dentin
major tissue composing teeth, covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root
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digestion
breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms
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duodenum
first part of the small intestine. 12 inches long
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elimination
act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials
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emulsification
physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat.
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enamel
hard outermost layer of a tooth
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enzyme
a chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. digestive enzymes breakdown complex foods to simpler substances. enzymes are given names that end in -ase
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esophagus
tube connecting the throat to the stomach. eso- means inward, phag/o means swallowing
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fatty acids
substances produced when fats are digested
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feces
solid wastes, stools
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gallbladder
small sac under the liver; stores bile
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glycogen
starch; glucose is stored int he form of glycogen in liver cells
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hydrochloric acid
substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food
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ileum
third part of the small intestine
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incisor
one of four front teeth in the dental arch
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insulin
hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver
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jejunum
second part of the small intestine
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lipase
pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
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liver
large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. the liver secreates bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; and destroys worn-out red blood cells. the normal adult liver weighs about 2 1/2 - 3 lbs
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lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
ring of muscles between the espohagus and the stomach. also called cardiac sphincter
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molar teeth
the sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch. premolar teeth are fourth and fifth teeth, before the molars
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palate
roof of the mouth. the hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jaw bone. the soft palate is the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and the throat
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pancreas
organ under the stomach. produces insulin and enzymes
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papillae
small elevations on the tongue. a papilla is a nipple like elevation
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parotid gland
salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear
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peristalsis
rhythmic contraction of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures.
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pharynx
throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose.
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portal vein
large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
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protease
enzyme that digests protein
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pyloric sphincter
ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum.
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pylorus
distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum
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rectum
last section of the large intestine,. connecting the end of the colon and the anus
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rugae
ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
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saliva
digestive juice produced by salivary glands
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salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands
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sigmoid colon
fourth and last s-shaped segment of the colon, (just before the rectum) empties into the rectum
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sphincter
circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening
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stomach
muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. the stomachs parts are the fundus (proximal section), body (middle), and antrum (distal).
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triglycerides
large fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol
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uvula
soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate.
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villi
microscopic projections in the wall of the small inestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
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chyme
semi fluid mass of partially digested food
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jaundice
- (icterus)
- yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood
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ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
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borborygmus
rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or bot5h in the gastrointestinal tract
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eructation
gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
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hematochezia
passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum
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melena
black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood
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steatorrhea
fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter
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