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what are the 2 Gram (+) cocci?
staphlococci and micrococci
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what are the 2 gram (+) pleomorphic rods?
propionbacterium acnes and cornyebacterium xerosis
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what does lipophilic mean?
takes sebum and breaks it down to an acid that blocks the duct on the skin
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what is yeast?
malassezia furfur
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what element causes a decrease in yeast growth?
selenium
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what are the 4 diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus?
folliculitis, scalded skin syndrome, wound infections, impetigo
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what oxygen level does S. aureus need?
facultative anaerobe
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what is the apperance of S. aureus on agar?
round, raised, yellow color
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what is another name for a boil?
furuncle
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what is folliculitis?
small red bump or pimple
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what is a carbuncle from a hair follicle infection?
large area of redness, swelling, and pain with several pustule sites
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where can hair follicle infection systemically spread to?
heart, bones, brain
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hair follicle infections can spread to what layer of skin that causes what?
subcutaneous layer and leads to an abcess
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how are hair follicle infections transmitted?
usually by hands
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what are S. aureus strains resistant to?
penicillin
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how do you prevent/treat hair follicle infections?
anti-staphylococcal creams and soaps that decrease the carrier state
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how do you treat furuncles and carbuncles?
surgical draining
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what is the main symptom of staphylococcal wound infections?
pyogenic - causes production of pus
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what are the 2 causative agents of S. wound infections?
S. aureus and S. epidermis
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what is the pathogenesis of S. wound infections?
coagulase, alpha toxin, protein A
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what is the superantigen of S. wound infections called?
TSST-1
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how are the S. wound infections spread?
nasal carriers
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who are at risk for getting S. wound infections? 3 of them
elderly, immunosuppressed, prolonged post hospital stays
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the vancomycin resistant strain for S. wound infections was identified when?
1997
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what are 2 symptoms of scalded skin syndrome?
dehydration and large blisters filled with clear fluid
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what is the pathogenesis of scalded skin syndrome?
exfoliation toxin that causes a split in the cellular layer of the epidermis
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scalded skin syndrome normally affects who?
newborns and elderly
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how is scalded skin syndrome transmitted?
person to person
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how do you prevent scalded skin syndrome?
isolation to reduce risk of secondary infections
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how do you treat scalded skin syndrome?
getting rid of the dead skin
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what are the 2 disesases caused by strepococcus pyogenes?
impetigo and necrotizing fascitis
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what does streptococcus pyogenes secrete?
hemolysins
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what color does beta hemolytic streptococci give around the colony?
clear
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what color does alpha hemolytic streptococci give around the colony?
green
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what is alpha hemolytic?
incomplete destruction of RBCs
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what is beta hemolytic?
complete destruction of RBCs
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what is gamma hemolytic?
no hemolysis of RBCs
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what is the Lancefield system based on?
cell wall carbohydrates
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what is a classic sign of impetigo?
blisters that break and weep found mostly around the mouth with a golden formation of crust
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what is the pathogenesis of impetigo?
enters though minor breaks and M protein the intereferes with phagocytosis
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what is the epidemiology of impetigo?
direct contact, insects, fomites
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what are the symptoms of flesh eaters?
swelling, confusion, blood leakage
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what is the pathogenesis of flesh eaters?
fibronectin binding protein that produces a toxin that gets into the blood stream
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what is the epidemiology of flesh eaters?
direct contact, nose and throat discharge, people with underlying conditions like diabetes, cancer, drugs
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what is the treatment for flesh eaters?
surgery to remove dead skin and maybe amputation
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what does pyocyanin do in pseudomonas aerguinosa?
turns tissue green
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what is a symptom of clostridial myonecrosis?
bloody or brownish fluid and gas leaks from wound, mottled black
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what is the pathogenesis of gas gangrene?
grows in poorly oxygenated tissue that releases an alpha toxin
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what is the epidemiology of gas gangrene?
wounds from war, high risk populations
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how do you treat gas gangrene?
hyperbaric chamber
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what are the signs of chicken pox?
pustules, itchy, blisters, latent infections leads to shingles
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what is the causative agent of chicken pox?
varcella which a a double stranded DNA
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how does chicken pox enter the body?
through respiratory route then to the blood then skin
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T/F humans are the only reservoir of the varicella virus
true
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what kind of vaccine is used for varicella and what is the name of it?
attenuated (live) and zovarix
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how old can children be to get the chicken pox virus?
around 1
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what is the sign of rubeola?
koplik spots
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what are koplik spots?
white patchy dots on infected areas of the mouth associated with rubeola
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how does measles enter the body?
respiratory route
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what are the signs of rubella?
rash build-up on skin, enlarged lymph nodes
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how does rubella enter the body?
respiratory route and multiplies in the nasopharynx
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how is rubella and rubeola transmitted?
human to human contact
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what is tinea capitis?
ringworm of the scalp
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who does tinea capitis affect the most?
elementary children the most
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what is tinea cruris?
ringworm of the groin
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what is tinea cruris associated with?
jock itch
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what is tinea pedis?
ringworm of the feet
-
what is tinea pedis associated with?
athletes foot
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what is the pathogenesis of the fungal diseases of the skin?
excessice mositure allows invasion of the keratinized layers of the tissue
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what do dermatophytes produce?
keratinase
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what are the 5 leading causes of meningitis?
- group B streptococcus,
- listeria monocytogenes,
- streptococcus pneumoniae,
- nisseria meningitidis,
- haemophilus influenzae
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who does haemophilus influenzae meningitis affect?
children between 6 months to 4 years
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where is haemophilus influenzae found?
normal flora in the throat
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what kind of capsule does haemophilus influenzae have?
antigen type B
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where does neisseria meningtidis begin?
throat infection and then a rash
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what is the most common type of neisseria meningitis?
serotype B
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what is a sign of meninococcal meningitis?
petechia- ruptured capillary beds on skin that appear as tiny dots on the surface
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T/F bacterial is better than viral when it comes to meningins
false
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what causes virulence in streptococcus agalactiae?
capsule
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who does streptococcus agalactiae affect?
newborns
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how does newborns get streptococcus agalactiae?
the bacteria colonizes in the vagina then baby passes through the gential tract
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T/F can listeriosis be transmitted to the fetus?
true
-
where is listeriosis usually found?
food normally kept around 4o C (fridge temp)
-
how long is the incubation period for listerosis?
a few days to 2-3 months
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what is hansens disease also known as?
leprosy
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what are the symptoms of leprosy?
skin lesions, deformed face, loss of fingers or toes
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how long is the incubation period for hansens disease?
3 months to 20 years
-
what is the pathogenesis of leprosy?
invasion of small nerves of skin that produces nerve damage
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what is the epidemiology of leprosy?
direct contact
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what is the main symptom of botulism?
generalized paralysis
-
what is the pathogenesis of botulism?
endospores germinate in food and releases a neurotoxin
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how do you get botulism?
home-canning or food not heated enough
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what is the main sign of tetanus?
painful uncontrollable muscle spasms that beings in the jaw muscle
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what is tetanus resulted from?
tetanospasmin- an exotoxin produced by the bacterium
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how do you get tetanus?
dirty or puncture wounds
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what are the causative agents of viral meningitis?
small, non-enveloped RNA enteroviruses
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how are the enteroviruses in viral meningitis transmitted?
fecal-oral route
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viral meningitis is also assiocated with?
mumps
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what are the symptoms of virl meningitis?
disorientation, seizures, localized paralysis, coma
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what id the causative agent of viral menigitis?
arboviruses- viruses transmitted by insects, mites, or ticks
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T/F there is no accepted treatment for arboviral encephalitis
true
-
what is the main sign of polio?
shrinking of muscles and bones not developing fully
-
what is the characteristic sign of rabies?
tingling or twitching sensation of site of viral entry along with muscle spasms of mouth and throat
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what does the rabies virus look like?
bullet shaped
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how do you get rabies?
bite of a rabid animal or inhalation
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is there effective treatment for rabies once symptoms begin?
no
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