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Motivation
- The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do
- Motivated behavior is energized, directed and sustained
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Evolutionary Explanation
- Instincts innate, biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal across a species
- Animals tend to "follow their instincts" and react in a predictable manner
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Drive Reduction Theory
- As a drive increases we are motivated to take appropriate action to decrease it and maintain homeostasis
- Drive aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need
- Need a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation
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Optimum Arousal Theory
- Yerkes-Dodson
- Performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than low or high
- =Too low can cause you to not take action
- =Too high can cause anxiety
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Hunger
- Stomach sends messages about nutrient levels to the brain based blood chemistry (Glucose / Insulin / Leptin)
- Hypothalamus (along with neurons and neurotransmitters) controls hunger
- =Lateral hypothalamus stimulates eating
- =Ventromedial hypothalamus restricts eating
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Obesity
- Around 60% of Americans are overweight
- 1/3 (33%) of Americans are obese
- Set point the weight you maintain without trying to influence your weight
- =Based on fat storage cells
- =Possible genetic component
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Sex
- Urge, reward, relief cycle of motivation
- Controlled by the hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, limbic system, hormones and the temporal lobes
- Human sexual response pattern: Excitement / Plateau / Orgasm / Resolution
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Self-Determination Theory
- A theory for motivation that focuses on personal growth
- Three basic needs: Competence / Relatedness / Autonomy
- Individualistic and Collectivist cultures both focus on self-determination
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Intrinsic Vs. Extrinsic
- Intrinsic motivation is internally driven
- Extrinsic motivation is driven by some external force, generally reward or punishment
- Extrinsic motivation can influence intrinsic motivation in both positive and negative ways
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Emotion
- Feeling (affect) that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience and behavioral expression
- Two main theories:
- =James-Lange emotion results from physiological states which are triggered by the environment
- =Cannon-Bard emotion and physiological reaction is simultaneous rather than cause & effect
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Cognitive Factors of Emotion
- Two-factor theory of emotion: Physiological arousal / Cognitive labeling
- Interpret external cues and label the emotion based on the environment and our past experiences
- =Some emotions are nearly instantaneous while others involve cognitive appraisal and assesment
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Sociocultural Factors of Emotion
- Display rules standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed
- =Differ for different cultures
- =Gender roles
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