Psy Ch8.txt

Pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life, involving both growth and decline

• Physical - biological nature, maturation
• Cognitive - thought, intelligence, language
• Socioemotional - relationships, emotions, personality

• Genotype - genetic material
• Phenotype - observable characteristics

environmental and social experiences

Phenotypes are altered based on experience as in phenylketonuria (PKU)

• Longitudinal - recall from chapter 1
• Same participants at multiple points in time
• Cross-sectional - multiple participants in various age groups at the same point in time
• Twin studies
• Cohort effect - differences between individuals that may be due to historical or social experiences rather than just age

• From conception to birth
• Germinal period - weeks 1 & 2
• Cell division, attachment to uterine wall
• Embryonic period - weeks 3 - 8
• Develop organs, spinal cord, heart beat
• Fetal period - months 2 - 9
• Organ function increases, fetus grows

• Studied in two main ways:
• Preferential looking - give an infant two objects to look at and check for a gaze preference
• =If the infant consistently gazes at one of the objects over the other we know they can distinguish them
• Habituation - repeatedly present an infant with the same object and wait for them to stop responding to it
• =If you present a different object and the infant doesn't respond then they can't tell the two objects apart

• Sensorimotor - Object Permanence
• Preoperational - Lack of conservation; Egocentrism
• Concrete-Operational - Conservation
• Formal-Operational - Deductive reasoning

Temperament - individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding

• Easy - generally in a positive mood, establishes regular routines, adapts to new experiences
• Difficult - react negatively, cry often, irregular daily routines, slow to accept new experiences
• Slow-to-warm-up - low activity level, somewhat negative and inflexible, displays low intensity moods

• Multiple dimensions that are continuous:
• Effortful control or self-regulation - controlling arousal, not being easily agitated
• Inhibition - being shy, showing distress in unfamiliar situations
• Negative affectivity - tending to be frustrated or sad
• Socioemotional Development

• Harlow's monkeys
• Ainsworth's Strange Situation

• Authoritarian: restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent's directions and to value hard work and effort
• Authoritative: A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior
• Neglectful: A parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child's life
• Permissive: A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior

• Being warm and supportive rather than overly punishing and rigid
• When disciplining, using reasoning the child can understand
• Providing opportunities for the child to learn about others' perspectives and feelings
• Involving children in family decision making and in thinking about moral decisions
• Modeling moral behaviors and thinking, and providing children with opportunities to engage in such behaviors and thought

• Sex is the biological organ assignment of male of female
• Gender is the social and psychological aspects of being male or female
• Gender roles - reflect the individual's expectations for how males or females should think, act, and feel

• Puberty - a period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence
• =Begins around age 9 in girls and 11 in boys
• =Peaks around age 11 ? in girls and 13 ? in boys

• Early adult - 20s & 30s
• Emerging adult - transitional period from adolescent to adulthood, spanning approximately 18 to 25 years of age
• =Identity exploration
• =Instability
• =Self-focus
• =Feeling -in between-
• =Age of possibilities
• Middle adult - 40s & 50s
• Late adult - 60 and beyond
• =Life expectancy in US: 80.4 for women, 75.2 for men

Crystallized intelligence - accumulated information and verbal skills

• =One study found crystallized higher in middle adult and fluid higher in early adult
• =A different study found different aspects of the intelligences peak at different ages in middle adulthood

=Generally attributed to life experience