personality psych exam 3

• studied agriculture then history, then religion, then psychology
• actual vs. ideal self concepts

• rebelled from parents wishes
• studied the most mentally healthy adults
• self acualized personality
• hierarchy of needs

learned helplessness theory

• free will and positive side of human nature
• focused on the most mentally healhty
• the most mentally healthy are called fully functioning adults

• how far apart your actual and ideal self concepts are from each other
• source of this stems from conditional positive regard
• there is a relation between incongruency and mental health

• No matter what you do someone will still you will still be loved and accepted
• source of congruency
• having one person giving uncinditional positive regard can be all the different in mental health

• you will only be loved and accepted as long as your behavior is accepted by others
• source of incongruency

how close you're actual image is to your ideal image

• People have a way of looking at themselves
• actual vs ideal self image

description of how you see yourself now

description of how you want to see yourself

• The patient is more in chage of therapy
• the therapist gives unconditional positive regard to the patient

• What the patient says becomes paraphrased by the therapist according to how the therapist understands the statement
• this shows empathy or understanding and sympathy towards patient
• gives insight and another perspective as well as clears up misunderstandings

• famous in the 70's
• individuals form groups and help ingroup members grow into more fully functional people
• works by: helping members care more for other peoples needs, empowers social norms, and experiencing feelings fully

• measures the quality of therapy
• given at the end and beginning
• the person is given a group of cards and they must sort out words that describe their ideal self
• determines if incongruency lessened througout therapy

• the process in which we defend our conscience from recieving threatening information
• most common defenses are distortion or denial
• both are not healthy means of processing information

• more likely to accept themselves for what they really are
• admit they're weaknesses, but try to improve as much as possible
• won't dwell too much on failures
• less restricted by cultural norms and customs

• physiological
• safety (first two must be satisfied before moving to higher needs)
• social
• esteem
• cognitive
• aesthetic
• self-actualization

need for food and water

safety and protection from threats such as predators and elements

the need to belong with others

the need to satisfy self-esteem

the need to think or learn more

• the need for higher values of culture
• understanding the true beauty in fine arts
• experiencing inspiration

the need to utilize full potential

• brief moments when someone experiences self-acutalization
• happens when the person is so engaged in something that utilizes their full potential
• they lose all sense of time and who they are

• organzing a company so that it helps employees satisyfy higher needs as well as a means for income
• awards assume that an employee has a need for something on the pyramid

• someone shares information in hopes that the other person will share information as well
• happens like a normal distribution in that few share too much or too little
• benefits: increased mental health and more liked
• females share more

• happens when people share too much information too soon or when they continue to give information when the other person isn't sharing back
• results: lower social skills and less liked as a person

When you share personal information with another person you expect to get personal information from them

• isolated not by choice
• happens in a positive feedback loop
• process: pessimism towards interactions
• lower social skills
• less intimate social relationships
• more pessimism

the lonely person's pessimism towards interactions with others causes a lessened expectation from the interaction

improving ones pessimism towards interactions can help the feedback process and make it more positive

• tested peoples reactions to negative comments about themself
• people were given fake IQ tests to temporarily change self-esteem
• High esteem: became more motivated from the negative feedback
• low esteem: negative feedback causes them to give up more easily

• everyone will be more likely to see themselves as above average
• statistically impossible
• happens in just about ever profession
• good for mental health
• too much leaves little room for improvement

• people with a high need for solitude will fight and value it more
• self actualized peopl need more solitude
• correleated with less stress, few but close friends, age

• dogs were put in a box where it was separated in two sides
• one side of the floor would shock the dog causing it to jump to the other then other side would also cause a shock
• when this was done again, the dogs that got shocked on both side would not try to jump to other side

• a person would hear an annoying noise and when they answer a question it would be reduced
• half got easy to solve problems the other half got impossible problems
• during repeat, the impossible half would not try to solve puzzle

teaching depressed people that their achievements are worthwhile can make a huge difference in depression

• nursing homes only satisfies the first two levels of needs
• assisted living helpds fulfill higher levels of needs

• Little Albert experiment
• Classical conditioning

• Operant Conditioning
• No personal freedom or freewill
• skinner's rats/skinners box
• shaping

• Pavlov's dogs (salivate to bells)
• Classical conditioning

• Obervational learning
• modeling
• Bobo Doll experiment
• Self efficacy

Behavior is learned and observed

• Done by J.B. Watson
• Watson turned a curious baby into a child who was extremely fearful of fluffy things
• done by classical condition
• made the baby hear a loud clank everytime it saw a white rat

learning through rewards and punishments

Rats inside a box were gradually rewarded with a treat when it got close to pushing a lever.

rewarding approximations towards a goal

rewards are given continuously or intermittently

• rewards are given everytime the desired behavior is accomplished
• not as good because the connection between behavior and reward can fade

• A reward is given at certain times when the desired behavior is accomplished
• reward is more valued
• learned response is more maintained

• meant to increase behavior
• something positive is given
• get candy for good behavior

• meant to decrease behavior
• something good is taken away
• example:Time watching tv is taken away

• meant to decrease behavior
• give something unpleasent
• Example: give a spanking for bad behavior

• meant to decrease behavior
• remove something unpleasent
• example: don't have to do dishes for good behavior

• Learning by triggered associations
• pairing a rat with a loud crashing noise

• something that naturally evokes a physiological response
• example: dog food

• The physiological response that was evoked by the UCS
• example: dogs salivate when there is dog food

• A learned association to the Unconditioned stimulus
• A bell is rung everytime it is time for the dogs to be fed

• a learned response to the conditioned stimulus
• example: dogs learn to salivate when a bell is rung

• when a phobia or behavior isn't limited to specific situations
• example: A child who thinks candy when it sees a bright colored condom wrapper

• When a behavior is limited to the specifc situations
• example: someone is disgusted by shrimp but when served a dish of other types of shellfish they won't have a problem

• learning by seeing someone of a higher authority do the same task
• example: Bobo Doll experiment

• Children were shown videos of adults interacting with a bobo doll
• the children who were shown adults interacting aggressively did the same

The belief of how well you will do at something

• guided mastery
• vicarious learning
• verbal persuasion
• self talk

slowly building one's confidence by letting the person master small steps to the overall goal

• learning by seeing someone similar do the task
• example: a lady who's afraid to drive watching an old man drive

• controlling what the patient becomes exposed to
• example: limit exposure to the people who want to see you fail and surround yourself with those who want to see you succeed

the patient comes up with encouraging phrases and increases the exposure to that phrase

• The argument that external determinants and internal determinants are a system of interacting influence that influence behavior
• internal/external determinants

behavior that is motivated by rewards and punishments

behavior that is influenced by thoughts and beliefs

Theory of attachment

• systematic desensitization
• aversion therapy

• mostly for phobias
• associating feared objects with relaxation techniques
• steps:
• 1)relaxation techniques are learned
• 2)the feared object becomes associated with the relaxing technique
• 3) the patient goes somewhere that associates with the feared object

An undesirable object is paired with negative reinforcement

• token economy
• changing contigiencies

• changing unintentional rewards
• example: changing the amount of attention a bully gets who happens to love attention

• Making up a fake currency that someone can trade in for privelidges
• used in many "live-in" situations
• tokens are rewarded differently between patients
• given for good behavior or not doing bad behavior

• direct observation
• self-monitoring
• observations by others

directly observing one's behavior

• the client or patient observes themselves
• patients are asked to keep records of when they engage in certain behaviors

asking a parent or teacher to record the ferequency of behaviros

• traits that you can be in control over
• confidence and assertiveness
• males show more agentic traits

• Traits that promote cooperation
• nurturing, warmth, empathetic
• females show this trait more

• those who are androgynous are:
• 1) the most psychologically healthy
• 2) more interesting when it comes to first impressions

• high in agentic traits and low in communal traits
• least likely to get along with a communal personality

• someone who is high in communal traits and low in agentic traits
• least likely to get along with an agentic personality

• someone who is high in both agentic and communal traits
• those who are married to this type of personality are most satisfied

someone who is low in both agentic and communal traits

the belief that most of what happens to you is because of forces outside of their control

The beliefe that things that happen to you are because of your own actions and attributes

• the types of attachment shown in infancy can be related to how adults reaction when a relationship is in trouble
• secure: trusting; open communication
• anxious/ambivilant: distrusting and clingy
• avoidant: distrusting, distant (both physically and psychologically)

• when caretaker leaves- distressed
• " " returns- easily comforted
• " " stays- the child explores the room because it trusts that the adult will return

• when caretaker leaves- the child is distressed
• " " returns- clings to adult
• " " stays- the child is untrusting because it doen't trust that the adult will return

• when caretaker leaves- not visibally distressed
• " " returns ignores the adult but knows that it is there
• " " stays ignores and avoids contact because it never did trust the adult

• to change behavior:
• keep a record of when behavior is engaged
• make it public so others can see
• incremental punishment- every time the behavior is engaged give yourself a small punishment