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Carl Rogers
- studied agriculture then history, then religion, then psychology
- actual vs. ideal self concepts
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Abraham Maslow
- rebelled from parents wishes
- studied the most mentally healthy adults
- self acualized personality
- hierarchy of needs
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Seligman
learned helplessness theory
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Humanistic Approach
- free will and positive side of human nature
- focused on the most mentally healhty
- the most mentally healthy are called fully functioning adults
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Incongruency and mental health
- how far apart your actual and ideal self concepts are from each other
- source of this stems from conditional positive regard
- there is a relation between incongruency and mental health
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unconditional positive regard
- No matter what you do someone will still you will still be loved and accepted
- source of congruency
- having one person giving uncinditional positive regard can be all the different in mental health
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conditional positive regard
- you will only be loved and accepted as long as your behavior is accepted by others
- source of incongruency
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congruency
how close you're actual image is to your ideal image
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self concept
- People have a way of looking at themselves
- actual vs ideal self image
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acutal self image
description of how you see yourself now
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ideal self image
description of how you want to see yourself
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person-centered therapy
- The patient is more in chage of therapy
- the therapist gives unconditional positive regard to the patient
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reflection in person centered therapy
- What the patient says becomes paraphrased by the therapist according to how the therapist understands the statement
- this shows empathy or understanding and sympathy towards patient
- gives insight and another perspective as well as clears up misunderstandings
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encounter groups
- famous in the 70's
- individuals form groups and help ingroup members grow into more fully functional people
- works by: helping members care more for other peoples needs, empowers social norms, and experiencing feelings fully
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Q-sort
- measures the quality of therapy
- given at the end and beginning
- the person is given a group of cards and they must sort out words that describe their ideal self
- determines if incongruency lessened througout therapy
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subception
- the process in which we defend our conscience from recieving threatening information
- most common defenses are distortion or denial
- both are not healthy means of processing information
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self-actualized personality
- more likely to accept themselves for what they really are
- admit they're weaknesses, but try to improve as much as possible
- won't dwell too much on failures
- less restricted by cultural norms and customs
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Hierarchy of needs
- physiological
- safety (first two must be satisfied before moving to higher needs)
- social
- esteem
- cognitive
- aesthetic
- self-actualization
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physiological needs
need for food and water
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safety needs
safety and protection from threats such as predators and elements
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social needs
the need to belong with others
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esteem
the need to satisfy self-esteem
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cognitive needs
the need to think or learn more
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aesthetic needs
- the need for higher values of culture
- understanding the true beauty in fine arts
- experiencing inspiration
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self-actualization needs
the need to utilize full potential
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peak experiences
- brief moments when someone experiences self-acutalization
- happens when the person is so engaged in something that utilizes their full potential
- they lose all sense of time and who they are
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eupsychian management theory
- organzing a company so that it helps employees satisyfy higher needs as well as a means for income
- awards assume that an employee has a need for something on the pyramid
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self-disclosure research
- someone shares information in hopes that the other person will share information as well
- happens like a normal distribution in that few share too much or too little
- benefits: increased mental health and more liked
- females share more
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exceptions to self-disclosure and mental health
- happens when people share too much information too soon or when they continue to give information when the other person isn't sharing back
- results: lower social skills and less liked as a person
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reciprocity norm
When you share personal information with another person you expect to get personal information from them
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loneliness research
- isolated not by choice
- happens in a positive feedback loop
- process: pessimism towards interactions
- lower social skills
- less intimate social relationships
- more pessimism
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self-fulfilling prophecies and loneliness
the lonely person's pessimism towards interactions with others causes a lessened expectation from the interaction
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humanistic therapy for loneliness
improving ones pessimism towards interactions can help the feedback process and make it more positive
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self-esteem research
- tested peoples reactions to negative comments about themself
- people were given fake IQ tests to temporarily change self-esteem
- High esteem: became more motivated from the negative feedback
- low esteem: negative feedback causes them to give up more easily
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Lake Wobegon Effect
- everyone will be more likely to see themselves as above average
- statistically impossible
- happens in just about ever profession
- good for mental health
- too much leaves little room for improvement
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solitude research
- people with a high need for solitude will fight and value it more
- self actualized peopl need more solitude
- correleated with less stress, few but close friends, age
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learned helplessness (dog study)
- dogs were put in a box where it was separated in two sides
- one side of the floor would shock the dog causing it to jump to the other then other side would also cause a shock
- when this was done again, the dogs that got shocked on both side would not try to jump to other side
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learned helplessness (human study)
- a person would hear an annoying noise and when they answer a question it would be reduced
- half got easy to solve problems the other half got impossible problems
- during repeat, the impossible half would not try to solve puzzle
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depression and learned helplessness
teaching depressed people that their achievements are worthwhile can make a huge difference in depression
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elderly homes
- nursing homes only satisfies the first two levels of needs
- assisted living helpds fulfill higher levels of needs
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J.B. Watson
- Little Albert experiment
- Classical conditioning
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B.F. Skinner
- Operant Conditioning
- No personal freedom or freewill
- skinner's rats/skinners box
- shaping
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Ivan Pavlov
- Pavlov's dogs (salivate to bells)
- Classical conditioning
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Joseph Bandura
- Obervational learning
- modeling
- Bobo Doll experiment
- Self efficacy
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Focus of behavioral psych Approach
Behavior is learned and observed
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Little Albert
- Done by J.B. Watson
- Watson turned a curious baby into a child who was extremely fearful of fluffy things
- done by classical condition
- made the baby hear a loud clank everytime it saw a white rat
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Operant Conditioning
learning through rewards and punishments
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Skinner Box
Rats inside a box were gradually rewarded with a treat when it got close to pushing a lever.
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Shaping
rewarding approximations towards a goal
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schedules of reinforcement
rewards are given continuously or intermittently
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continuous rewards
- rewards are given everytime the desired behavior is accomplished
- not as good because the connection between behavior and reward can fade
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intermittent rewards
- A reward is given at certain times when the desired behavior is accomplished
- reward is more valued
- learned response is more maintained
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Positive reinforcement
- meant to increase behavior
- something positive is given
- get candy for good behavior
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negative punishment
- meant to decrease behavior
- something good is taken away
- example:Time watching tv is taken away
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positive punishment
- meant to decrease behavior
- give something unpleasent
- Example: give a spanking for bad behavior
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negative reinforcement
- meant to decrease behavior
- remove something unpleasent
- example: don't have to do dishes for good behavior
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Classical Conditioning
- Learning by triggered associations
- pairing a rat with a loud crashing noise
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Unconditioned stimulus
- something that naturally evokes a physiological response
- example: dog food
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unconditioned response
- The physiological response that was evoked by the UCS
- example: dogs salivate when there is dog food
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Conditioned stimulus
- A learned association to the Unconditioned stimulus
- A bell is rung everytime it is time for the dogs to be fed
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conditioned response
- a learned response to the conditioned stimulus
- example: dogs learn to salivate when a bell is rung
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stimulus Generalization
- when a phobia or behavior isn't limited to specific situations
- example: A child who thinks candy when it sees a bright colored condom wrapper
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Stimulus discrimination
- When a behavior is limited to the specifc situations
- example: someone is disgusted by shrimp but when served a dish of other types of shellfish they won't have a problem
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Modeling
- learning by seeing someone of a higher authority do the same task
- example: Bobo Doll experiment
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Bobo Doll study
- Children were shown videos of adults interacting with a bobo doll
- the children who were shown adults interacting aggressively did the same
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Self efficacy
The belief of how well you will do at something
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Self efficacy therapy
- guided mastery
- vicarious learning
- verbal persuasion
- self talk
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guided mastery
slowly building one's confidence by letting the person master small steps to the overall goal
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vicarious learning
- learning by seeing someone similar do the task
- example: a lady who's afraid to drive watching an old man drive
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verbal persuasion
- controlling what the patient becomes exposed to
- example: limit exposure to the people who want to see you fail and surround yourself with those who want to see you succeed
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self-talk
the patient comes up with encouraging phrases and increases the exposure to that phrase
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Reciprocal determinism
- The argument that external determinants and internal determinants are a system of interacting influence that influence behavior
- internal/external determinants
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external determinant
behavior that is motivated by rewards and punishments
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internal determinant
behavior that is influenced by thoughts and beliefs
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Mary Ainsworth
Theory of attachment
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behavior modification therapy through classical conditioning
- systematic desensitization
- aversion therapy
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systematic desensitization
- mostly for phobias
- associating feared objects with relaxation techniques
- steps:
- 1)relaxation techniques are learned
- 2)the feared object becomes associated with the relaxing technique
- 3) the patient goes somewhere that associates with the feared object
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Aversion therapy
An undesirable object is paired with negative reinforcement
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behavior modification therapy though operant conditioning
- token economy
- changing contigiencies
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changing contingiencies
- changing unintentional rewards
- example: changing the amount of attention a bully gets who happens to love attention
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token economy
- Making up a fake currency that someone can trade in for privelidges
- used in many "live-in" situations
- tokens are rewarded differently between patients
- given for good behavior or not doing bad behavior
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behavior assessment techniques
- direct observation
- self-monitoring
- observations by others
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direct observation
directly observing one's behavior
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self-monitoring
- the client or patient observes themselves
- patients are asked to keep records of when they engage in certain behaviors
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observations by others
asking a parent or teacher to record the ferequency of behaviros
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agentic traits
- traits that you can be in control over
- confidence and assertiveness
- males show more agentic traits
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communal traits
- Traits that promote cooperation
- nurturing, warmth, empathetic
- females show this trait more
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androgony research
- those who are androgynous are:
- 1) the most psychologically healthy
- 2) more interesting when it comes to first impressions
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agentic personality
- high in agentic traits and low in communal traits
- least likely to get along with a communal personality
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communal personality
- someone who is high in communal traits and low in agentic traits
- least likely to get along with an agentic personality
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androgynous personality
- someone who is high in both agentic and communal traits
- those who are married to this type of personality are most satisfied
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undifferentiated
someone who is low in both agentic and communal traits
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external locus of control
the belief that most of what happens to you is because of forces outside of their control
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internal locus of control
The beliefe that things that happen to you are because of your own actions and attributes
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infant attatchment to adult attatchment
- the types of attachment shown in infancy can be related to how adults reaction when a relationship is in trouble
- secure: trusting; open communication
- anxious/ambivilant: distrusting and clingy
- avoidant: distrusting, distant (both physically and psychologically)
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secure infant attachment
- when caretaker leaves- distressed
- " " returns- easily comforted
- " " stays- the child explores the room because it trusts that the adult will return
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axnious/ambivalent infant attachment
- when caretaker leaves- the child is distressed
- " " returns- clings to adult
- " " stays- the child is untrusting because it doen't trust that the adult will return
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avoidant infant attachment
- when caretaker leaves- not visibally distressed
- " " returns ignores the adult but knows that it is there
- " " stays ignores and avoids contact because it never did trust the adult
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special case of binging
- to change behavior:
- keep a record of when behavior is engaged
- make it public so others can see
- incremental punishment- every time the behavior is engaged give yourself a small punishment
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