Ch.8

The following assist the diaphragm and intercostals when ventilation
demand increases: scalene, sternocleidomastoid, pectoral and abdominal
wall as known as being slightly active during quiet breathing and more
active during forceful breathing 

In the last weeks of fetal development in uteral the region beyond each
terminal bronchiole forms this functional structure which is the basic
gas-exchanging unit of the lung

The two external flared openings

Tissue that separates air from blood in the lung; consists of alveolar
epithelium, basement membrane, and capillary endothelium, along with
their associated structures

Ducts that end in the lungs in clusters of these

Slight oblique angle where the manubrium articulates with the body of the sternum

Opening to the nose

Uppermost portions of the lungs

Bifurcation of the trachea into the right and left mainstream bronchi

Extension of the mucoidal lining of the respiratory tract

Fibrous tissues that connect the ribs to the sternum and to each other anteriorly

Acute angle where the costal pleura meets the diaphragm

Ring of cartilage that forms the lower border of the larynx

Large dome-shaped muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen: the primary muscle of ventilation

Vascular channel in the fetus that joint the pulmonary artery directly to the descending aorta; it normally closes after birth

2/3 of the fetus blood flows through this to the bypass the liver’s circulation and flows into the inferior vena cava

Flat cartilage that extends from the base, of the tongue backward and upward

Bilateral tubes that connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear and mastoid sinus

The two flared openings of the nose

Abdominal muscle group that functions as as accessory muscle of ventilation

The exchange between the gas of the atmosphere and blood

Narrow clefts or slits; the lines that divide or separate the lobes of the lung glottis

Opening in the septum between the right and the left atria in the fetal
heart. This opening provides a bypass for blood that would otherwise
flow to the fetal lungs. After birth, the foramen ovale functionally
closes.

The body of the sternum

Variable opening between the vocal cords

Vertical opening(s) on either side of the mediastinum through which all the airways and pulmonary vessels pass

Lower portion of the upper airway between the oropharynx and larynx

Formed before birth and carry and are the primary components of the
somatic(motor) nervous system that carry nervous signals from the
brainstem to the respiratory muscles

Abdominal muscle group that functions as an accessaroy muscle of ventilation

The exchange of gases between blood and tissues

The 3 parts of the pharynx is also called this

Lies below the hypopharynx and is formed by a complex arrangement of
nine cartilages and numerous muscles and it functions to protect the
respiratory tract during eating, drinking and phonation.

Major divisions of the lungs; the right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two lobes

Upper triangular portion of the sternum

Portion of the thoracic cavity lying in the middle of the thorax(between
the two pleural cavities.) It extends from the vertebral column to the
sternum and contains the trachea, esophagus, heart and great vessels of
the circulatory system

The stoking action of millions of cilia propels the surround mucus at a speed of about 2 cm per minute

Upper portion of the airway behind the nasal and oral cavities

Boney plate that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

Thin membrane covering the surface of the chest wall, mediastinum, and
diaphragm that is continuous with the visceral pleura around the lung
hilum

The region where the nasal and oral cavities open into

Paired nerves that originate as branches of spinal nerves C3-5, pass
down along the mediastinum, and innervate the diaphragm: carry nervous
signals from the brainstem to the respiratory muscles

Openings between the adjacent alveoli

A single terminal bronchiole that supplies a cluster of respiratory bronchioles. Also referred to as the acinus

Of or pertaining to the epithelial cell type that appears to be
organized in layers, but in which each cell actually contacts the
basement membrane

Detergent-like substance secreted into the alveoli that reduces surface tension and stabilizes alveoli

A group of abdominal muscles that contributing to inspiration by contracting at end-exhalation.

Referring to the three muscles arising from the cervical vertebrae,
inserting into the first and second ribs, accessory muscles of
ventilation

Minor divisions of the lung; each segment is associated with a major branch of the airway

Posterior portion of the anterior roof of the oral cavity

The fused connection between the manubrium and the body

Originate from the manubrium and clavicle and insert on the mastoid process of the temporal bone

Elongated flattened bone forming the middle portion of the anterior thorax

Located above the sternum , this is the superior edge of the manubrium
which forms a shallow depression called a notch. Also known as jugular
notch.

Large main intrathoracic airway

Pairs that are 1-7 and are attached directly to the sternum

Pairs that are 8-12 and are either indirectly attached to the sternum or not attached to the sternum

Pairs that are 11 and 12 and are not attached to the sternum

Boney structures that extend from the lateral walls of the interior nasal passages

Cuboidal epithelia that line the blind tubules of the acinum continue to
differentiate into flatter squamous epithelial cells called this.

Cuboidal epithelia that line the blind tubules of the acinum continue to
differentiate into rounded secretory cells called this.

This is the portion of the soft palate that hangs down into the posterior portion of the oral cavity.

These folds forma space between the tongue and the epiglottis which is a key landmark in or intubation

Thin membrane covered by mesothelial cells that covers the entire surface of the lung, dipping into the lobar fissures

Of or pertaining to the lower part of the sternum