MA 201 Body Structure

• Study of the physical structure of the body and its organs
• Describes framework and physical characteristics

Seen with naked eye (inspection, disection)

Seen with microscopes

• Study of the function of the body, cell tissues, and organs
• Interrelationships of functioning structures of the body
• Explains how everything works together to support life

Study of cell life and formations

Study of microscopic structure of tissue

Study of disease and response to disease

Patients view - Anotomical Position

• Basic building block
• Requires nutrients and O2 to survive
• Specific functions
• Produces heat and energy
• Gives off waste

• Secrete materials (mucus)
• Recieve and transmit impulses
• Enable us to move
• Carry nutrients and O2
• Clot blood
• Destroy bacteria

Cell fluid

• Separates cell from environment
• Consists of protiens and fat molecules
• Controls what enters / leaves cell
• Regulates cellular function

• Minute bodies within the Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
• Mitochondria
• Ribosomes
• Centriole
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi Apparatus
• Lysosomes

• Control center of the cell
• Surrounded by own nuclear membrane
• Controls mitosis (cell division)

• Contains chromosomes (rod shaped) Deoxyribonecleic Acid (DNA)
• Humans have 23 pairs
• Stores hereditary material from one gen to next
• 23 pair = sex xx-girl, xy-boy

• First cell division after egg and sperm unite
• new chomosome order made (you are you)

• Carries all of genetic info necessary for cell functions
• Composed of sugar, phosphate, adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

Units of instruction, produce / influence characteristics or traits and capabilities of an organism

Each parent chromosome halved, shuffled, and then combined during fertilization (unique combonation)

• Division of cells controlled by nucleus of the cell
• Purpose to provide exact duplication of cells for growth and repair of the body

• Pocket in cell membrane, permit large molecules (protien/fat) to enter
• Pocket closes forming vacule (bubble) in cytoplasm called endocytosis

Cell eating

If water trapped in pocket instead of protien/fat - Cell Drinking

• Reverse of drinking/eating
• From cytoplasm to out of cell (waste)

• 1. Diffusion - gas, liquid, solid distributed evenly
• 2. Osmosis - fluids through selective permeable membrane, some can, some can't
• 3. Filtration - move across semipermeable membrane cause of force such as gravity or blood pressure
• 4. Avtive Transport - molecules moving low to high caused by presense of ATP (carries molecules in and out of cell)
• 5. Phagocytosis - cell eating - pocket in membrane (protien)
• 6. Pinocytosis - cell drinking - pocket in membrane (water)

• Solutes - medium fluid, molecules solid
• Move from high to low concentration
• Body cells higher waste trade for lower O2 = internal respiration

• When fluids equal on both sides of membrane = Equillibrium
• Equilibrium known as Osmotic Pressure

Solution same as blood

0.9% salt

Water will enter blood cell and cell will burst

Water will exit blood cell and cell will shrivel

• Nerve cell tissue
• Don't increase after birth
• Some can't be regenerated if damaged

During DNA replication - lost, rearanged, or paired in error sequences caused by internal / external factors

Recognizeable result from effect of a gene or group of genes

• 1. Dominant - Can produce trait without pair member
• 2. Recessive - takes both pairs to create trate
• 3. X-Linked - defective gene carried on "x-chromosome" (which parent has defect, is child male / female)

Skeletal / Bone

2 or more organs of body that perform similar functions

2 or more types of tissue working together for body function

Cells of same type group together to form common purpose

• 1. Epithelial - glands, cover surface of body, line cavities
• 2. Connective - organs and body parts
• 3. Nerve - body's communication network
• 4. Muscle - designed to contract on stimulation

• 1. Connective proper - fat tissue, reserve of fuel (food)
• 2. Supportive - subcutaneous layer under skin
• 3. Dense Supportive - tendons, ligaments, organ capsules

• 1. Sensory Neuron - skin or sense organs
• 2. Inter / Connecting Neuron - carries impulses to another neuron
• 3. Motor Neuron - receives impulses / sends message, cause reaction

• Voluntary - controlled at will with the brain
• Skeletal / Striated - connected to bones (ability to move)
• Involuntary - without control or conscious awareness
• Smooth - within walls of organs
• Cardiac - only in the heart

• 1. Nervous
• 2. The Senses
• 3. Integumentary
• 4. Skeletal
• 5. Muscular
• 6. Respiratory
• 7. Circulatory
• 8. Immune
• 9. Digestive
• 10. Urinary
• 11. Endocrine
• 12. Reproductive

• 1. Cell
• 2. Tissue
• 3. Organ
• 4. System
• 5. Body

• Verticle line down middle of body (even sides)
• Anything toward midline is called Medial
• Anything away from midline is called Lateral

• Arms and legs to the trunk of the body
• Proximal - nearest to point of attachment
• Distal - Further away from point of attachment

Draw line vertically through side of body from head to toe

Anterior / Ventral

Posterior / Dorsal

Horizontal line Cross Section through body (doesn't have to be even)

• Superior / Cranial
• Cephalic

Inferior / Caudal

• 1. Anterior / Ventral (Front)
• 2. Posterior / Dorsal (Rear)

• Thorasic Cavity
• Abdominal Cavity
• Pelvic Cavity

• Cranial Cavity
• Spine Cavity

• Stomach, Small intestine, Most large intestine
• Liver, Spleen, Pencrease, Gallbladder

• Heart, Lungs
• Great Blood Vessels

• Urinary Bladder, Last part Large Intestines
• Internal Reproductive Organs

Lines the abdoment cavity

• Behind the peritonium
• Kidneys located in this area in front of spine

Used to describe the digestive system being found in both cavities

• Orbital
• Nasal
• Buccal

• Right and Left Upper Quadrent
• Right and Left Lower Quadrant
• RUQ/ LUQ
• RLQ / LLQ

• Rt Hypochondriac
• Epigastric
• Lt Hypochondriac

• Rt Lumbar / Lateral
• Umbilical
• Lt Lumbar / Lateral

• Rt Iliac / Inguinal
• Hypogastric / Pubic
• Lt Iliac / Inguinal

Below cartilage (ribs)

Over / above stomach

Loin / Side region / lateral

Around the umbilicus / Belly Button

Ilium portion of pelvic bone / Inguinal / Groin

• Below stomach
• Known as pubic

Study of heart disease and disfunction

• Instrument used by cardiologyst
• Traces impulses of heart on paper to create perm. record
• Electrodes placed on patient
• Wires connect to electrodes, send signals to amplifier
• transformed into mechanical motion by Galvanometer
• Stylus produces printed info

• 1. Measurement
• 2. Rate
• 3. Rhythm
• 4. Duration
• 5. Intervals
• 6. Segments

• Self Pacemaker
• Begin of heart cycle
• Contract Atria (P-Wave)

• Slight pause
• Allows ventricles to fill
• Q-Wave

• Bifurcates to Lt and Rt Bundle Branches
• R-Wave

• Ventricular contraction
• Blood discharge
• S-Wave

• 1. SA Node - first impulse (P-Wave)
• 2. AV Node - out to Bundle of His, Bundle Branch, then Purkinje Fibers - cause ventricles to contract (QRS-Wave)
• 3. Repolarization - time of recovery of ventricles (T-Wave)

• 12 Leads (10 electrodes) or recordings
• First 3 (standard / bipolar) - Labeled I, II, III
• 6 Chest / Precordial leads

• 1. Patient muscle movement (somatic)
• 2. AC - electrical activity

• 3. Lead 1 = RA to LA
• 4. Lead 2 = RA to LL
• 5. Lead 3 = LL to LA

Necessary to enable physician to judge deviations from the standard

• 1. Trace paper speed 25mm per second
• 2. Simultaneous 12-lead interpretive analysis
• 3. Ages 35-40 should make baseline reading, every 5-10 yrs after

Done while on treadmill or bike to assess heart's ability to work under stress

• Will reveal any cardiac arrhthmias, chest pain, effectiveness of meds, and patient symptoms
• Ambulatory (walking)
• Keep diary
• Note any pain or discomfort
• Press "event button" for any cardiac symptoms
• Sponge bath - not shower or tub

• Greatest volume of air that can be expelled during complete, slow, unforced expiration (nose clip useed)
• Spirometer - used to measure
• Ht, wt, and vitals should be taken during visit
• Watch for signs of stress, dizziness, coughing

• Obtained by ultrasonic scanning (ultrsonography)
• Use reflections / echoes directed into tissues
• Conducted through transducer (hand held)

• Echoes to examine the heart
• Viewed on Oscilloscope

• Noninvasive procedures
• Becomes invasive when intravenous contrast media introduced
• Don't even wear mascara

• X-Rays
• High energy electromagnetic radiation produced by the collision of electrons with a metal target in x-ray tube

• Do not require preparation
• Tumors, fractures, disorders, diseases, chest x-rays

Used in treatment of cancer

• 1. Postereoanterior (PA) - from posterior to anterior (face wall)
• 2. Anteroposterior (AP) - from anterior to posterior (face x-ray)
• 3. Lateral (Lat) - arms over head, shoulder to wall
• 4. Left Posterior Oblique (LPO) - left elbow up, left hand on neck, 45deg back to wall, left side closest to wall

• Must drink contrast medium during exam, radiologist observes flow directly with fluoroscope
• Observes esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine

Enema with air contrast and barium will distend the colon to make structures more visible

• IV of iodine - contrast medium to define urinary system
• Must verify no allergies to iodine

• Study urinary tract by inserting sterile catheter into meatus, through bladder and up into kidneys
• Radiopaque flows up into kidneys

• X-Ray of abdomen - Flat Plate of Abdomen
• Disease and Disorders
• Used to find position of IUD

• Aids in detection of breast cancer
• Omit caffeine
• Compression of breast requires less radiation

See through (lungs) - Transparent

• Solid (bone)
• Take medium to make solid for viewing

• Computer Transaxial Tomography (CAT, CT)
• Single tissue planes slices 1cm thick

Slices from head to toe

Slices across body

Slices from front to back

• 1. Outer Ear
• 2. Middle Ear
• 3. Inner Ear

• 1. Auricle (pinna)
• 2. External auditory cannal
• 3. Tympanic membrane

• Ossicles (smallest bones in body)
• 1. Malleus (hammer)
• 2. Incus (anvil)
• 3. Stapes (stirrup)

• Connects Middle Ear to Throat (Pharynx)
• Helps equalize pressure in ear

• Cochlea - snail shell shape
• Sound travels through to nerve for brain to interpret
• Semicircular canals (tubes in 3 planes to give balance)
• Tiny stones rub against nerve endings

Separates outer ear from inner ear

Pretaining to Ear

Used to inspect outer ear

• Otitis External - outer ear infection
• Otitis Media - middle ear infection

• 1. Superior Semicircular Canal
• 2. Posterior Semicircular Canal
• 3. Lateral Semicircular Canal

• 1. Solution between 100-105deg
• 2. View affected ear with otoscope
• 3. Hand against head, grasp auricle (top of ear)
• 4. Pull up and back (adults), down and back (child)
• 5. Turn head and back with basin under ear
• 6. Aim flow up and to side (not straight into ear drum)
• 7. Tilt head to side to drain
• 8. Inspect / repeat if necessary

• 1. Warm meds - usually kept in fridge
• 2. Dropper may not touch ear
• 3. Ointment should apply to cotton tip
• 4. Starighten ear (as washing) and apply meds
• 5. Remain in tilt position to allow meds to settle

Pertaining to the eye

• White part of the eye
• Protects eye

• Color part of eye
• Controls pupil
• No Black Eyes

Opening of the Iris

Clear covering of Iris and Pupil

Behind the pupil

• Back of eye
• Receives light
• Contains Rods (B&W)
• Contains Cones (color)

• Front part of eye,
• Flows around Iris

• Thick liquid between Iris and back of eye
• Gives eye shape

Instrument used to inspect eye behind lens and iris

• Infection of conjunctiva of the eye (pink eye)
• Extremely contagious

• 1. Tilt head back and to side infected
• 2. Emisis basin agains cheek / head
• 3. Wipe eye with gauze from inner to outer canthus
• 4. Hold eye open
• 5. Slowly release solution over the eye gently and steadily
• 6. Record type solution, eye, results, etc

• 1. Bring meds to room temp
• 2. Patient up straight, head tilt back
• 3. Use gauze to touch skin under eye / pull down
• 4. Dropper 1/4" above eye
• 5. Patient look up
• 6. Drop meds in eye pocket
• 7. Ointment inside lower eye lid without touching
• 8. Patient blink to move meds around

• Used to test for distance vision
• 20ft away / how far it should be to read

• Used to test for near vision acuity
• Sit up straight
• Card held 14-16" away

• Can't see far away
• Nearsightedness

• Can't see up close
• Farsightedness