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Kingdom Animalia
- multicellular eukaryotes
- most have tissues, organs, and organ systems
- aerobic and heterotrophic
- most are sexual reproducers
- have life cycles with different stages of development (embryo/larvae/nymph/adult)
- motile (have ability to move)
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Invertibrates
- 97% of animals
- Classification by body plans:
- 1. body symmetry
- 2. cephalization
- 3. type of gut/digestive system
- 4. segmentation
- 5. coelum
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Radial Symmetry
- Central axis radiates like spokes on a wheel
- Sense food or danger from all directions
- Equal halves at any point
- Starfish, Jellyfish, Coral
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Bilateral Symmetry
- Left and right sides are mirror images
- Have an anterior and posterior
- Have a dorsal (backbone side)and a ventral (belly side)
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Cephalization
- Presence of a head
- Only in bilateral symmetry
- Simple (has ganglia)
- Complex (has systems)
- Sensory organs are at one point on the anterior
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Type of Gut
- Digestive system
- Incomplete: has 1 opening
- Complete: has 2 openings (entrance/exit)
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Segmentation
- Subunits
- Repeating, fused
- Each have one specific function
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Coelum
- Body cavity
- Fluid-filled cavity protects and surrounds organs
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Acoelomate
No body cavity, compressed tissues
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Pseudocoelomate
- False cavity
- Organs not completely protected
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Coelomate
Has a true coelum
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Phylum Porifera
- Sponges
- Asymmetrical
- No tissues or organs
- Aggregations of cell types that work together
- Giant opening at the top called oscula
- Collar cells line pores and have flagella
- Moves H2O continuously
- Filter feeders
- Amoeba-type cells go through phagocytosis and share nutrients by diffusion
- No digestive system
- Sexual: larvae are free swimming
- Asexual: budding
- Structure: spicules (made of silica and calcium carbonate)
- Protien makes them slimy (we harvest the slimy ones)
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Phylum Cnidaria
- Jellyfish, coral, hydras, sea anemones
- Radial symmetry
- Have tentacles, aquatic, filter feeders
- Have nematocysts (stinging device on a long thread, barb on the end covered with toxin or sticky stuff). For capturing prey.
- Polyps or medusa
- Larvae can swim
- Asexual: budding
- Have nerve net, incomplete digestive system
- Coral secretes CaCO3 shells
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Flatworms (planarians, flukes, tapeworms)
- Acoelomates, but with organ systems
- Bilateral
- Have ganglia
- Branched nervous, digestive, and reproductive system
- True hermaphrodites, self-fertilize
- Also asexual - split in half
- Flukes have different beginning, middle, and end hosts
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Tapeworms
- Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Flatworms
- Have head called scolex
- Barbed mouth
- Sections caled proglottids
- Can grow up to 20 feet long
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Phylum Nematoda
- Roundworms
- 500,000 species
- Bilateral symmetry
- Pseudocoelomates
- Tapered at both ends
- Have a cuticle
- Have nervous system and ganglia
- Complete digestive system
- Lack a circulatory/respiratory system - rely on diffusion of gases across the skin
- Seperate sexes, most lay eggs
- Sexual reproduction
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Trichinella
- Roundworm
- Encysts in muscle tissues, comes from undercooked meat
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Hookworms
- Roundworms
- Infect everything - people, cats dogs, ect
- Get in blodstream
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Heartworms
- Roundworms
- Infect dogs and cats
- Carried by mosquitos
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Elephantitis
- Roundworm
- Infects humans
- Carried by mosquitos
- Settle in the lymph nodes and cause swelling
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Guinea worm
- Roundworm
- South africa - infects humans
- Found in water fleas from contaminated drinking water
- Go into bloodstream
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Phylum Annelida
- Segmented worms
- Earthworms, leeches
- Bilateral symmetry
- Coelomates
- Have a cuticle
- Have setae (bristles) to help them crawl
- Have a nervous system and ganglia
- Can be aquatic and terrestrial
- Complete digestive system
- Have a nerve ring and ciulatory system repeated in each segment
- Both sexual and asexual. Some are hermaphrodites and some can split
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Earthworms
- Phylum Annelida
- Used for fish bait
- Add nutrients to the soil
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Leeches
- Phylum Annelida
- Bloodsuckers
- Secrete anticoagulant and a numbing agent
- Used medically for reattachments and skin grafts
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Phylum Arthropoda
- Arthropods ("jointed appendages")
- Crustaceans (crawfish), ticks, spiders
- Most abundant of all animals
- Most diverse
- Have exoskeleton
- Each appendage is specialized for specific functions (mandibles for feeding, antenna for sensing, legs and wings for locomotion)
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Phylum Echinodermata
- Spiny skin
- Starfish, sea stars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers
- Internal CaCo3 plates with bumps (like a skeleton). Skin stretched over bumps makes it look like spines
- Larvae are bilateral but adults are radial and lose brains, but can regenerate body parts
- Complete digestive system. Some evert stomachs to digest food
- Have water vascular system and tube feet
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Phylum Chordata
- Includes vertebrates
- Notochord - stiffened support rod of tissue
- Dorsal hollow nerve chord (spine)
- Gill slits and post-anal tail at some stage of development
- 3 Sub-Phylums:
- Tunicates and Lancelets - marine filter feeders, baglike body ex) sea squirts
- Vertebrates
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Key Evolutionary Adaptations of Vertebrates
- Notochord becomes vertebrae
- Internal skeleton paired with muscles
- Anterior end of vertebrae modify to form jaws
- Better sensory organs = better reactions
- Fins evolved into legs, wings, ect
- Better respiratory system
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7 Classes of Vertebrata
- Class Agnatha
- Class Condrichthyes
- Class Osteichthyes
- Class Amphibia
- Class Reptilia
- Class Aves
- Class Mammalia
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Class Agnatha
- Vertebrata
- Jawless fishes
- Mouth is round like a grinding wheel
- Eel-like body, made of cartilage
- Lamprey eel in Great Lakes
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Class Condrichthyes
- Vertebrata
- Cartilaginous fishes
- Sharks, rays, and skates
- Skeletons made of cartilage
- Huge jaws with teeth made of calcified cartilage
- Streamlined predators
- Small scales make them feel like they have rough skin
- 2 chambered heart
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Class Osteichthyes
- Bony fish
- Largest group of vertibrates
- Have bony skeleton
- 3 groups:
- Ray-fin fishes
- Lobe-fin fishes
- Lung fishes
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Ray-Fin Fishes
- Vertebrata - Class Osteichthyes
- Fins arise from the dermal layer and have spines in them
- Highly maneuverable
- Goldfish, Seahorses, ect
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Lobe-Fin Fishes
- Vertebrata - Class Osteichthyes
- Fleshy, lobed fins
- Internal skeleton
- Ceolacanthe is the only livng species, and was believed to be extinct for 80 million years
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Lung Fishes
- Vertebrata - Class Osteichthyes
- Have gills and a set of lungs
- Have to use their lungs
- Have ability to survive out of water
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Class Amphibia
- Frogs, toads, salamanders
- Limited to water because they need it for respiration and reproduction
- Evolved from either lobe-fin or lung fishes
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Class Reptilia
- Vertebrata
- Free from water
- Internal fertilization, waterproof eggs, thick, scaly skin, water conserving kidneys
- Ectotherm
- Most have 3-chambered heart
- Crocodiles have 4-chambered heart and are most closely related to birds
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Class Aves
- Vertebrata
- Evolved from reptiles, feathers evolved from scales
- Endotherms
- Keel = breastbone where flight muscles attach
- Extremely efficient circulatory system, lots of mitochondria in their muscles
- Lay eggs
- Beak and feet used for identification
- Raptors, gallinaceous, neotropial, waterfowl
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Feathers
- Evolved from scales
- Lightweight and contoured
- Allow a bird to trap body heat
- Used for species and sex identification
- Allow flight
- Have breeding and winter plumage
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Class Mammalia
- Hair or fur
- Mammary glands
- Well developed cerebral cortex
- Better parental care
- Endotherm
- Most give live birth
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Monotreme
- Mammals that lay eggs
- Spiny anteater, platypus
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Marsupials
- Mammals that carry their young in pouches
- Kangaroo, wallaby, opossum
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Placental
- Mammals that have the young stay in the uterus longer
- Develop more fully
- Fed by placenta
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Arthropod
- Has respiratory structures, so more oxygen can get in the body
- Terrestrial: have trachea (tubes through the exoskeleton that let oxygen in)
- Aquatic: have gills
- Have open circulatory system: blood and heart, but no blood vessels so blood is bathing the organs
- Comoplex sensory organs (antenna, compound eyes with wide-angle vision)
- Division of labor: reduce competition amongst themselves (metamorphosis)
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Classes of Arthropods
- Arachnidia
- Crustacea
- Insecta
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Class Arachnidia
- Arthropods
- 8 walking legs, 2 fused segments
- Carnivores, most have liquid diets
- Some are poisonous
- Some carry diseases
- Eat other insects
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Class Crustacea
- Arthropods
- "Crusty exoskeleton"
- Crabs, crawfish, shrimp
- Mostly aquatic
- Can have 2-20 body segments, 10 walking legs
- Vary in size from microscopic water fleas to 12 foot Japanese crab
- 70,000 different named species
- Good for food (krill=tiny shrimp, eaten by whales)
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Class Insecta
- Arthropods
- Over 1 million
- Aquatic or terrestrial
- 3 body segments: head, thorax, and abdomen
- Thorax has 6 legs and 4 wings
- Carry diseases, destroy crops
- Necessary for pollination
- Food source
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Radical Metamorphosis
Caterpillar > Butterfly
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Gradual Metamorphosis
Multiple nymph stages before adult
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Phylum Molluska
- Clams, snails, octopus
- Means soft body: no skeleton
- Most have shell for protection
- Bilateral symmetry
- Some have a reduced coelum: doesn't go through the whole body
- Mantle (drape of flesh that covers the body)
- Muscular foot
- Classes: Gastropoda, Peleyecopoda, Cephalopoda
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Class Gastropoda
- Phylum Molluska
- Snails, slugs
- "belly foot" - muscular foot used to crawl
- Most have a shell (except slugs)
- Aquatic or terrestrial, but all are moist
- Radula: ribbon-like tounge with spikes
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Class Peleyecopoda
- Phylum Molluska
- Bivalves
- 2 hinged shells: clams, oysters, scallops
- Use foot to bury themselves
- Mantle forms 2 halves
- All filter feeders
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Class Cephalopoda
- Phylum Molluska
- "Head foot"
- Well developed brain capable of memory and communication
- Octopus, squid, chambered nautilus, cuttlefish
- Mantle is modified into tentacles with suction cups
- Shell is reduced so they rely on speed and intelligence
- Use mantle for jet propulsion
- Closed circulatory system
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