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Life span of erythrocites for dog, cat, cow, pig, horse & sheep.
- Dog 120 days
- Cat 75 days
- Cow 160 days
- Pig 85 days
- Horse & Sheep 150 days
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Types of Leucocytes:
- Polymorphonuclear granulcytes (w/o granules)
- -Neutrophils (bacteria)
- -Eosinophils (Allergic/Anaphilatic/Parasite)
- -Bosphilic (Inflamation)
- Mononuclear agranulocytes (w/ granules)
- -Lymphocytes
- -Monocytes (cell signaling/ precursor of Macrophage)
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What are the 3 types of Lmphocytes and what is their function?
- B-lymphocytes, prodcue antibodies & memory cells (10%)
- T-lymphocytes, cell mediated immunity & memory cells (75%)
- Natural Killer cells (NK cell), None specific role, Protect against tumor cells (10 - 15%)
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Hematopoisis
Blood cell formation (bone marrow)
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Types of bone marrow
- Red marrow (active)
- Yellow (inactive + contains fat)
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Types of immunocytes
- -Lymphocytes (T-cells, B-cells, NKcells)
- -Neutrophils
- -Macrophage
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Types of stromal cells
- -Reticular cells
- -Epithelial reticular cells
- -Dendritic cells
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list the primary (central) lyph organs and their function
- -Embryonic yolk sac
- -Thymus
- -GALT (payers patches)
- -Cloacal Bursa (birds)
- -Bone marrow
Produce lympocyte precursers
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list the secondary (peripheral) lymphoid organs and their function
- -Lymph nodes
- -Spleen
- -MALT (Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue)
House mature immunocytes, acts as site of immune response
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describe the lymph nodes
- -filter lymph
- -afferent and efferent vessels (most other afferent only)
- -surrounded by a capsule of dense irregular CT
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sinuses of lymph nodes
- -subscapular sinus
- -Trabecular sinus
- -medullary sinus
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MALT, GALT, BALT, RALT
- MALT: mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
- GALT: gut associated lymphoid tissue
- BALT: bronchial associated lymphoid tissue
- RALT: respitory associated lymphoid tissue
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name/describe the developement periods.
- -Prenatal: before birth, rapid/drastic changes
- -Postnatal: after birth, gradual changes & aging
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Explain the 3 parts of the Prenatal Period
- -Pre-embryonic period (developement of gametes, implantation)
- -Embryonic period (implantation, primordia of organs, formation of body form)
- -Fetal Period (growth and maturation of organ stystem)
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Embryo
developing offspring during embryonic period
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Fetus
developing offspring dyring the fetal period
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Teratology
the branch of embryology concerned with malformations
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Theory of recapitulation
Ontogeney repeats Phylogeney
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Pre-formation theory
egg (or sperm) contains and individual in minature form
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Epigenetic theory
developement occurs through progressive growth and differentaition through a series of casual interaction between various parts
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Mitosis
results in 2 daughter cells
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Meiosis
4 daughter cells, each contain 1/2 parents chromosomes
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Gametogenesis
process of production of gametes
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Spermatogenesis
Developement of sperm (Spermatocytogenesis, spermiogenesis)
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what happens during spermiogenesis?
- 1) chromatin forms head
- 2) golgicomplex forms acrosomal cap
- 3) centriole encircles flagellum
- 4) mitichondria forms midsection
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Capacitation
removal of glycoprotein coat and seminal plasma protein from the membranes of the acrosomal region.
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Acrosomal reaction
release of enzymes that penterate oocyte barriers
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types of twinning
- monozygous. divides at blastocyst stage (2 identical)
-dizygous. 2 seperate ova are fertilized
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Superfecundation
impreganation though 2 ovum liberated at the same time (cats/dogs)
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Superfetation
pregnant female ovulates, concieves and produces a second younger fetus
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Gestation period for mare, cow, ewe, sow, bitch, queen
- Mare: 335-345 days
- Cow: 279-282 days
- Ewe: 148-150 days
- Sow: 114-120 days
- Bitch: 60-65 days
- Queen: 60 days
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Gastrulation
Formation of germ layers from embryonic discs
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3 Germ layers
Ectoderm-outermost
Mesoderm-middle
Endoderm-innermost
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3 layers of the heart wall
Endocardium- inner
Myocardium- middle
Epicardium- outermost
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describe the endocardium
Lines atria and ventricles.
- -endothelium
- -innersubendothelium
- -outersubendothelium
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describe the myocardium
Thickest layer.
- -bundles of cardiac muscle cells
- -SA and AV nodes
- -Purkinje fibers
- -Cardiac skeleton
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describe the epicardium
loose connective tissue containig blood vessels, nerves, ganglia, and adipose tissue
-lined by simple squamos (visceral pericardium)
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3 parts of the cardiac skeleton
- -fibrous rings
- -fibrous triangle
- -fibrous part of the interventricular septum
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types of blood vessels
- -arteries
- -veins
- -capillaries
- -microvasculature
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genreal structure of blood vessels
tunica intima- internal elastic membrane- tunica media- external elastic membrane- tunica externa
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types of capillaries
- -continuous
- -fenestrated
- -sniusoidal
- -porous
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where are continuous capillaries found
muscle
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where are fenestrated capillaries found
GI tract
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where are sinusoidal capillaries found
endocrine gland
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where are porous capillaries found
Kidney glomerulus
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what is special about sinusoidal cappilaries and sinusoids
they can change shape for maximum exchange
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types of venules
- -post capillary venules
- -pericytic (or collecting) venules
- -muscular venules
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