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* Elements are the fundamental units of matter
- * Four main elements make up almost all the human body
- o Carbon--C
- o Oxygen--O
- o Hydrogen--H
- o Nitrogen--N
- * Elements are made of atoms
- Structure of an Atom
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* Lithium
- o Protons (3)
- o Neutrons (4)
- o Electrons (3)
- Protons and Electrons equal amount
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Interaction of Atoms:
- Molecules
- * Covalent bond is sharing of electrons between two atoms
- * Hydrogen and oxygen interact via a covalent bond to form a water molecule
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Interaction of Electrons: Ionic Bonds
- 1. Complete transfer of electrons
- 2. Positive attracts negative
- 3. Na lost an electron
- 4. Cl gains an electron
- 5. Na + Cl form Ionic Bond
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Symbol for Covalent Bonds
- * The symbol of a covalent bond is a dash(-)between to atoms
- * Examples of Molecules that form via covalent bonds:
- o Hydrogen molecule
- o Oxygen molecule
- o Water molecule
- o Carbon dioxide molecule
- * H-O-H
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Biochemistry
- * Inorganic compounds
- o Lack carbon
- * Organic compounds
- o Any molecule that contains carbon
- o Form covalent bonds
- Complete transfer of one Atom to another Atom
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Structure of Amino Acids
- * There are twenty known amino acids found in proteins of living organisms
- * Each amino acid has a central carbon that forms four covalent bonds
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Proteins
- * Long chains of amino acids
- * Contains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
- * Account for half our body
- * Extremely important in cell function
- * Allow the movement of ions and molecules in and out of the cell
- * Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
- [most abundant and most diverse]
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Lipids
- * Contains Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
- * Made of glycerol and fatty acids
- * Insoluble in water
- * Stores energy
- * Forms membrane of cells
- * Exists in our body in the form of steroids
- (vitamins and hormones)
- [Adipose tissue--body fat under skin]
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Carbohydrates
- * Large chain of sugar molecules
- * Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- * Very important source of energy
- * Found in every cell in our body
- * Abundant in plants and animals
- [1st stored in Muscle, 2nd stored in liver; grains #1 most used, corn #2]
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Organic macromolecules
- * Carbohydrates
- * Proteins
- * Lipids
- * Nucleic acid
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Organic molecules found in our body
- 1. Sacharrides (sugar)
- 2. Amino acids (protein)
- 3. Fatty acids (fat)
- 4. Nucelotides (nucleic acids)
- * These molecules form covalent bonds
- * They are known as macromolecules
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Inorganic ions: Acidity
- * Acidity is the level of hydrogen ion found in our body
- * Must be maintained at a consistent level
- * pH is the measure of acidity
- * Blood pH is 7.4
- * Buffers prevent changes in acidity (bicarbonate: maintain pH)
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Ions found in our body: Salts
- * Ions dissolved in the blood
- * Important for many functions
- * Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Calcium
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Inorganic molecules found in our body: Water (solvent of life)
- * The most abundant molecule in our body (~70%)
- * Stores a lot of heat
- * A universal solvent
- * Cushioning properties
- * Major component of blood
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Proteins as Enzymes
- * Enzymes are important in cellular chemical reactions
- * Chemical reactions are important in cell survival
- [Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure]
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Nucleic acid
- * Forms genes that take part in coding for various cellular functions
- * Blue prints of life
- * Made of Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus
- * Made of nucleotides
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Nucleotides
Each Nucleotide is made of sugar, base, and a phosphate group
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Bases in Nucleotides
- * A=adenine
- * G=guanine
- * C=cytosine
- * T=Thymine (only in DNA)
- * U=Uracil (only in RNA)
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DNA: a type of Nucleic acid
- * Deoxyribonucleic Acid(DNA)
- * Double strand
- * Forms hydrogen bonds
- * A sequence of genes
- * Makes RNA
- * Replicates before the start of cell
- * Does not have uracil
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RNA: a Type of Nucleic Acid
- * Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
- * Codes for protein
- * Single strand
- * Made from DNA
- * Contains uracil instead of thymine
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