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Cardiology
Study of heart disease and disfunction
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Electrocardiogram
- Instrument used by cardiologyst
- Traces impulses of heart on paper to create perm. record
- Electrodes placed on patient
- Wires connect to electrodes, send signals to amplifier
- transformed into mechanical motion by Galvanometer
- Stylus produces printed info
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6 EKG Measurements
- 1. Measurement
- 2. Rate
- 3. Rhythm
- 4. Duration
- 5. Intervals
- 6. Segments
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SA Node
- Self Pacemaker
- Begin of heart cycle
- Contract Atria (P-Wave)
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AV Node
- Slight pause
- Allows ventricles to fill
- Q-Wave
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Bundle of His
- Bifurcates to Lt and Rt Bundle Branches
- R-Wave
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Purkinje Fibers
- Ventricular contraction
- Blood discharge
- S-Wave
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Electrical Impulse Path
- 1. SA Node - first impulse (P-Wave)
- 2. AV Node - out to Bundle of His, Bundle Branch, then Purkinje Fibers - cause ventricles to contract (QRS-Wave)
- 3. Repolarization - time of recovery of ventricles (T-Wave)
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Routine EKG
- 12 Leads (10 electrodes) or recordings
- First 3 (standard / bipolar) - Labeled I, II, III
- 6 Chest / Precordial leads
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EKG Interference
- 1. Patient muscle movement (somatic)
- 2. AC - electrical activity
- 3. Lead 1 = RA to LA
- 4. Lead 2 = RA to LL
- 5. Lead 3 = LL to LA
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Standardization
Necessary to enable physician to judge deviations from the standard
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EKG Characteristics
- 1. Trace paper speed 25mm per second
- 2. Simultaneous 12-lead interpretive analysis
- 3. Ages 35-40 should make baseline reading, every 5-10 yrs after
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Stress Test
Done while on treadmill or bike to assess heart's ability to work under stress
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Holter Monitor
- Will reveal any cardiac arrhthmias, chest pain, effectiveness of meds, and patient symptoms
- Ambulatory (walking)
- Keep diary
- Note any pain or discomfort
- Press "event button" for any cardiac symptoms
- Sponge bath - not shower or tub
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Vital Capacity Test
- Greatest volume of air that can be expelled during complete, slow, unforced expiration (nose clip useed)
- Spirometer - used to measure
- Ht, wt, and vitals should be taken during visit
- Watch for signs of stress, dizziness, coughing
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Sonograms
- Obtained by ultrasonic scanning (ultrsonography)
- Use reflections / echoes directed into tissues
- Conducted through transducer (hand held)
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Echocardiography
- Echoes to examine the heart
- Viewed on Oscilloscope
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Noninvasive procedures
- Becomes invasive when intravenous contrast media introduced
- Don't even wear mascara
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