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FSIS regulates
meat, poultry, egg products
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Laws enforced by FSIS
- Federal meat inspection act
- Poultry product inspection act
- Egg product inspection act
- Humane slaughter act of 1958
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Poultry postmortem inspection
organoleptic- sight, fell, smell
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Poultry disposition options
- pass carcass for human food
- retain for further inspection
- condemn carcass for human food
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final decision on postmortem disposition
PHV not inspector
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Septicemia
pathogenic microorganisms in blood that have produced systemic change
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toxemia
absorption of toxins produced by infective organisms, showing signs similar to septicemia
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chlamydiosis
- aka- psittacosis, ornithosis, parrot fever
- acute or chronic
- can aerosolize
- zoonotic- flu like symptoms
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tuberculosis
- myobacterium avium
- slow spread
- chronic granulomatous infection
- not zoonotic
- unwholesome tissue
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Leukosis complex
- mareks dz
- lymphoid leukosis
- reticuloendotheliosis
- lymphoproliferative dz
- not zoonotic
- unwholesome tissue
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synovitis-tendonitis
- acute or chronic
- cause by bacteria
- not zoonotic
- unwholesome tissue
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avian neoplams
- keratoacanthoma
- adenocarcinoma
- leiomyoma
- hemangiosarcoma
- connective tissue tumors
- not zoonotic
- unwholesome tissue
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bruised poultry
- condemned parts or if too bad then whole carcass
- slight reddening is ok
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poultry cadaver
- die from causes other than slaughter
- not dead when enter scald vat
- drown in scald vat
- signs are skin redness, engorged blood vessels, congested viscera
- hypermia- cherry red bird
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overscald poultry
cooked appearance of deep pectoral or cooked viscera
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airsacculitis
- inf of air sac
- puss and exudate in air sac
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inflammatory process of poultry
yellow caseous exudate in subcutis of young chickens
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turkey osteomyelitis complex
- multiple bacteria
- inability to walk, swollen jt
- part condemned or whole carcass is systemic
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ascites in poultry
aka- water belly
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condemned
inspected and found to be diseased or otherwise adultered
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inedible
product that is adulterated, uninspected, or not intended for use in human food
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how to destroy condemned or inedible poultry products
- steam
- burying
- burning
- chemical or dye denaturing
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FSIS
- public health regulatory agency
- regulates meat, poultry, and processed egg
- ensures products are safe, wholesome, and accurately labeled
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Meat inspection act of 1906
- began system
- mandatory PM inspection
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wholesome meat act of 1967
- state programs must be equal to
- mandatory AM inspection
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inspection vs grading
- grading is voluntary
- inspection is mandatory
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FSIS jurisdiction
- all meat products prepared for public consumption must be inspected
- only on slaughter floor, not farm
- some states have own program for intrastate products
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FSIS exemptions
- custom slaughter- meat for personal use
- retail
- restaurant
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Nonamenable species
- species not subject to FMIA
- bison, deer, elk, reindeer, water buffalo, catalo, gator
- covered by FDA unless pay for voluntary USDA inspection
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Antemortem inspection
- assure that only animals capable of producing wholesome, safe product are passed for slaughter
- done by FSIS
- before slaughter
- on premises
- day of slaughter
- in motion and at rest
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who performs antemortem inspection
- food inspectors- separate normal from abnormal
- veterinary medical officers provide final disposition
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antemortem dispositions
- pass for regular slaughter
- pass for slaughter as a US suspect
- US condemned
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ocular squamous cell carcinoma
- suspect
- unless extensive necrosis
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Acti
- suspect
- aka- lumpy jaw, wooden tongue
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downers
- condemned- cattle
- suspect- other species
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CNS conditions
- condemned
- VS samples for BSE
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dead or moribund
condemned
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skin conditions
suspect for diamond skin in swine
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reportable to APHIS-VS
- vesicular dz
- DNS dz
- brucellosis
- screwworms
- babesiosis
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who performs postmortem inspection
- food inspectors separate normal from abnormal
- veterinarians provide disposition
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beef inspection procedures of head
- surface
- lymph nodes
- masseterstongue
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beef inspection procedures of viscera
- lymph nodes
- heart
- bile duct
- liver
- r-r junction
- intestines and spleen
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beef inspection procedures of carcass
- thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavity
- outer surface
- kidneys and diaphragm
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postmortem disposition options
- US inspected and passed
- US inspected and condemned
- passed for refrigeration
- passed for cooking
- passed for heating
- passed for use in cooked comminuted products
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septicemia or toxemia
condemned
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abscesses
- passed after trimming
- condemned if generalized
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inflammatory
- localized- passed
- generalized- condemned
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tuberculosis
- condemned
- submit for testing
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erysipelas
- generalized acute- condemned
- chronic- passed
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necrobacillosis
- localized- passed
- generalized- condemned
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actinobacillosis
- localized- passed
- generalized- condemned
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caseous lymphadenitis
- localized- passed
- generalized- condemned
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injuries
- trimmable- passed
- generalized- condemned
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edematous- dropsical conditions
- localized- passed
- generalized- condemned
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eosinophilic myositis
- localized- passed
- extensive- condemned
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cysticercosis
- passed for freezing
- condemned if extensive
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distomiasis (flukes)
- carcass passed
- liver condemned
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melanosis
passed unless extensive
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malignant lymphoma
condemned
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melanoma
condemned if malignant
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adrenocortical carcinoma
condemned if metastatic
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Johne's disease
passed except intestines
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vena cava syndrome
condemned
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injection site lesions
- perform in plant residue test
- condemned if violative
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residue sampling
- performed by veterinarian
- mostly antibiotics, sulfa-
- 24 hr results
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specified risk materials (SRM)
- beef slaughter plants must have SRM controls
- SRM has high risk BSE and are inedible
- ex- tonsils, distal ileum, skull (30 mth), brain (30 mth), spinal cord (30 mth), vertebral column (30 mth), eyes (30 mth), dorsal root ganglia (30 mth), trigeminal ganglia (30 mth)
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humane slaughter act of 1978
- FSIS enforces
- not poultry
- animals handled humanely
- animals rendered insensible to pain prior to slaughter
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FSIS verification of food safety system
- HACCP
- SSOP
- generic E. coli and other testing programs
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Pathogen testing in finished products
- E. coli
- Listeria
- Salmonella
- Campylobacter
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recalls
if adulterated products enter commerce then a recall will be requested by FSIS
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foodborne pathogen big picture
success against most foodborne pathogens has been limited in recent years
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role of DVM in foodborne pathogens
- diagnose, treat, and prevent foodborne pathogens
- source of info for public
- regulatory vets
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Salmonella
- gram neg
- S. enterica subsp. enterica
- zoonotic
- unrestricted= dz in multiple host species
- restricted= dz in one host species
- serovars- enteritidis, typhimurium, newport
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Salmonella public health implications
- #1 cause bacterial enteritis
- may be asymptomatic
- self limiting
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Salmonella reservior
- poultry
- cattle
- pigs
- horses
- dogs
- cats
- rodents
- reptiles
- amphibians
- fish
- humans
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Salmonella transmission
- fecal-oral
- foodborne outbreak
- direct contact with animal
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Salmonella in cattle
- diarrhea in adult and calf- green, blood?
- fever
- anorexia, dehydration, dec milk prod
- calves- septicemia
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Salmonella Dublin
same as others plus resp signs
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Salmonella in Dairy cattle
- can be in healthy
- frequently shed serovars that are MDR and important human pathogens
- Newport and typhimurium most common
- shed 50-391d
- shed longer than clinical signs
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Salmonella in horses
- foals and immunocompromised
- Newport and typhimurium common
- asymptomatic, colic, diarrhea, fever
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Salmonella in reptiles
- pet turtles
- asymptomatic
- pet iguanas and snakes
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Salmonella in chickens
- enteritidis, typhimurium common
- asymptomatic
- horizontal and vertical transmission
- humans get from poorly cooked eggs or poultry
- easter chicks
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Salmonella in dogs and cats
- also in healthy animals
- GI signs
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Prevent Salmonella
- judicious Ab use
- counsel clients
- do not feed raw meet to pets
- wash well
- disinfect boots and equipment
- don't drink unpasteurized milk
- counsel clients about children and reptiles
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E. coli O157:H7
- gram neg
- GI dz
- enterohemorrhagic
- produces cytotoxin (shiga toxin)
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E. coli public health implications
- zoonotic
- acute diarrhea
- hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)- renal failure, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia
- leading cause of pediatric renal failure
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E. coli transmission
- low infectious dose
- fecal-oral
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E. coli in cattle
- normal flora
- asymptomatic
- inc shedding in summer (like salmonella)
- may shed for more than a year (like salmonella)
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E. coli prevention
- counsel clients
- no raw meat diets
- advise cattle workers
- good kitchen hygiene
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Campylobacter
- gram neg
- curved, spiral, S shaped
- C. jejuni, C. coli
- diarrhea
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Campylobacter public health implications
- Antimicrobial resistance inc over last few years
- 2nd highest cause of enteric pathogens transmitted by food
- self limiting (like Salmonella)
complications- GBS, arthritis
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Campylobacter reservior
- poultry
- cattle
- puppies
- kittens
- pigs
- sheep
- rodents
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Campylobacter transmission
fecal-oral
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Campylobacter in cattle
- asymptomatic carrier (like E. coli)
- intermittent shedding
- cannot survive long in env (unlike E. coli and Salmonella)
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Campylobacter in poultry
- asymptomatic
- raw chicken in stores
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Campylobacter in dogs and cats
diarrhea in puppies and kittens
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Preventing Campylobacter
- judicious use of Ab
- counsel clients
- no raw meat diets
- advise farm owners
- good kitchen hygiene
- counsel clients with children and puppies
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Listeria
- L. monocytogenes
- gram pos
- hardy- form biofilm, multiply at fridge temp
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Listeria public health implications
- high mortality
- 7th leading cause by enteric pathogens transmitted by food
- asymptomatic, mild fever
- immunocompromised- fever, septicemia, vomit
- pregnant- abortions, stilllbirth
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Listeria reservior
- soil- can survive for years
- water
- vegetation
- silage
- mammals
- birds
- fish
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Listeria transmission
- foodborne- unpasteurized dairy
- congenital
- direct contact
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Listeria in cattle
- ingestion of poorly fermented silage
- often asymptomatic
- most common in adults- fever, dep, CNS
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Listeria in poultry
- often asymptomatic
- septicemia
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Listeria in other species
rare in horses, pigs, dogs, cats
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Prevent Listeria
- educate public
- counsel clients that are pregnant and immunocompromised to avoid unpasteurized dairy products
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Toxoplasma
- T. gondii
- intracellular protozoa
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Toxoplasma public health implications
- asymptomatic
- immunoompromised- fever, encephalitis, pneumonia
- pregnant- abortion, stillbirth
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Toxoplasma reservior
- cats
- takes 1-5d to sporulate and become infective
- intermediate- rodents, birds, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, cattle, dogs (cats get infected by eating the cyst in IH)
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Toxoplasma transmission
- #2 ingest oocyst in soil or water (survive long time in env)
- #1 foodborne- undercooked meat with cysts, raw veggies
- congenital
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Toxoplasma in cats
- often asymptomatic
- fever, anorexia, lethargy, CNS
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Toxoplasma in sheep
abortions
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Toxoplasma in other species
- rare in pigs
- not in cattle or horses
- clinical dz in puppies
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Prevent Toxoplasma
- keep cat indoors
- no raw meat diets
- clean littler box daily
- wear gloves while gardening
- wash hands after handling feces and soil
- prevent children from eating soil
- keep veg garden fenced
- good kitchen hygiene
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