MA 201 Body Structure

• Study of the physical structure of the body and its organs
• Describes framework and physical characteristics

Seen with naked eye (inspection, disection)

Seen with microscopes

• Study of the function of the body, cell tissues, and organs
• Interrelationships of functioning structures of the body
• Explains how everything works together to support life

Study of cell life and formations

Study of microscopic structure of tissue

Study of disease and response to disease

Patients view - Anotomical Position

• Basic building block
• Requires nutrients and O2 to survive
• Specific functions
• Produces heat and energy
• Gives off waste

• Secrete materials (mucus)
• Recieve and transmit impulses
• Enable us to move
• Carry nutrients and O2
• Clot blood
• Destroy bacteria

Cell fluid

• Separates cell from environment
• Consists of protiens and fat molecules
• Controls what enters / leaves cell
• Regulates cellular function

• Minute bodies within the Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
• Mitochondria
• Ribosomes
• Centriole
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi Apparatus
• Lysosomes

• Control center of the cell
• Surrounded by own nuclear membrane
• Controls mitosis (cell division)

• Contains chromosomes (rod shaped) Deoxyribonecleic Acid (DNA)
• Humans have 23 pairs
• Stores hereditary material from one gen to next
• 23 pair = sex xx-girl, xy-boy

• First cell division after egg and sperm unite
• new chomosome order made (you are you)

• Carries all of genetic info necessary for cell functions
• Composed of sugar, phosphate, adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

Units of instruction, produce / influence characteristics or traits and capabilities of an organism

Each parent chromosome halved, shuffled, and then combined during fertilization (unique combonation)

• Division of cells controlled by nucleus of the cell
• Purpose to provide exact duplication of cells for growth and repair of the body

• Pocket in cell membrane, permit large molecules (protien/fat) to enter
• Pocket closes forming vacule (bubble) in cytoplasm called endocytosis

Cell eating

If water trapped in pocket instead of protien/fat - Cell Drinking

• Reverse of drinking/eating
• From cytoplasm to out of cell (waste)

• 1. Diffusion - gas, liquid, solid distributed evenly
• 2. Osmosis - fluids through selective permeable membrane, some can, some can't
• 3. Filtration - move across semipermeable membrane cause of force such as gravity or blood pressure
• 4. Avtive Transport - molecules moving low to high caused by presense of ATP (carries molecules in and out of cell)
• 5. Phagocytosis - cell eating - pocket in membrane (protien)
• 6. Pinocytosis - cell drinking - pocket in membrane (water)

• Solutes - medium fluid, molecules solid
• Move from high to low concentration
• Body cells higher waste trade for lower O2 = internal respiration

• When fluids equal on both sides of membrane = Equillibrium
• Equilibrium known as Osmotic Pressure

Solution same as blood

0.9% salt

Water will enter blood cell and cell will burst

Water will exit blood cell and cell will shrivel

• Nerve cell tissue
• Don't increase after birth
• Some can't be regenerated if damaged

During DNA replication - lost, rearanged, or paired in error sequences caused by internal / external factors

Recognizeable result from effect of a gene or group of genes

• 1. Dominant - Can produce trait without pair member
• 2. Recessive - takes both pairs to create trate
• 3. X-Linked - defective gene carried on "x-chromosome" (which parent has defect, is child male / female)

Skeletal / Bone

2 or more organs of body that perform similar functions

2 or more types of tissue working together for body function

Cells of same type group together to form common purpose

• 1. Epithelial - glands, cover surface of body, line cavities
• 2. Connective - organs and body parts
• 3. Nerve - body's communication network
• 4. Muscle - designed to contract on stimulation

• 1. Connective proper - fat tissue, reserve of fuel (food)
• 2. Supportive - subcutaneous layer under skin
• 3. Dense Supportive - tendons, ligaments, organ capsules

• 1. Sensory Neuron - skin or sense organs
• 2. Inter / Connecting Neuron - carries impulses to another neuron
• 3. Motor Neuron - receives impulses / sends message, cause reaction

• Voluntary - controlled at will with the brain
• Skeletal / Striated - connected to bones (ability to move)
• Involuntary - without control or conscious awareness
• Smooth - within walls of organs
• Cardiac - only in the heart

• 1. Nervous
• 2. The Senses
• 3. Integumentary
• 4. Skeletal
• 5. Muscular
• 6. Respiratory
• 7. Circulatory
• 8. Immune
• 9. Digestive
• 10. Urinary
• 11. Endocrine
• 12. Reproductive

• 1. Cell
• 2. Tissue
• 3. Organ
• 4. System
• 5. Body