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Categories of Amino Acids
- Nonessential (body can produce)
- Essential (Must be taken via food)
- Conditionally essential (essential during infancy, disease or trauma)
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9 Essential Amino Acids
- Histidine
- Isoleucine
- Leucine
- Lysine
- Methionine
- Phenylanine
- Threonine
- Tryptophan
- Valine
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Complete and Incomplete Proteins
- Complete Proteins:
- -Adequate amounts of all essential amino acids
- -Animal Proteins
- Incomplete proteins:
- -Inadequate amounts of all essential amino acids
- -Plant Proteins
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Complementary Proteins
Combining plant proteins to compensate for limiting amino acids
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Synthesis of Protein
- Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form proteins
- Synthesis of protein determined by gene expression
- DNA code transferred from nucleas to Cytosol via mRNA
- DNA transcription phase
- mRNA translation phase (tRNA transports RNA's)
- DNA determines shape and functions of proteins
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Denaturation
- Altering of proteins 3-dimensional structure
- caused by acid, alkaline, heat, enzymes, and agitation
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Dietary protein sources in US vs Worldwide
- US= 70% supplied by meat, poultry, fish, milk, legumes, and nuts
- Worldwide=35% comes from animal
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4 Methods of Determining Protein Quality
- Biological Value
- Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER): amount of weight gain produced by protein consumption
- Chemical Score: ideal amount of AA's
- Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score
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Recommended Intakes for Protein
- Positive Nitrogen Balance:
- -Protein Intake exceeds protein losses
- Negative Nitrogen Balance:
- -Protein losses exceed protein intake
- Equilibrium:
- -Protein intake equals protein losses
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Protein RDA for Adults, Recovery states, Athletes
- Adults: .8g/kg of healthy body weight
- Recovery States: .8-2g/kg of healthy body weight
- Athlete: .8-1.7g/kg of healthy body weight
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Digestive Organs/Secretions in Protein Digestion
- "Cooking denatures protein"
- Stomach:
- -hydrochlric acid denatures
- -pepsin begins enymatic digestion
- -gastrin controls release of pepsin
- Small Intestine:
- -CCK released which stimulates release of proteases
- Amino Acids absorbed into portal vein
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Functions of Proteins
- Producing vital body structures
- Maintaining fluid balance
- Contributing to Acid Base Balance
- Foriming hormones, enzymes, and neurotransmitters
- Contributing to immune function
- Transporting Nutrients
- Forming Glucose
- Providing Energy
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2 Examples of PEM "Protein Energy Malnutrition"
- Marasmus: Minimal amounts of energy, protein, and other nutrients
- Kwashiorker: minimal amounts of protein and moderate energy deficit.
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