PSYC ch.10 test 2

a rapid appraisal of the personal significance of a situation, which prepares you for action

emphasise the broad function of emotions as energizing behavior toward some goals

emotions serve to:

Examples of the functions of emotions:
Smiling:
Frowning:
Anger:

Basic Emotions include:

emotions inferred from facial expressions

Basic emotion:
birth:
4-6 weeks:
3-4 mos:
6-8 mos:
2nd yr.

Happiness is inferred form:

smiles begin as ____ events, but are shaped by ______

Social smiles appear at:

by ____ months, they smile most when interacting with others

___ months- laughter, typically response to active stimuli

____ months-expressions of happiness are very selective

Anger in neonates, ________ is observed.

Anger increases in ____ and ____ across the first year

Anger is often a response to ____

Expressions of sadness are evident, but:

Sadness most common when:

Sadness also common when there is little or no sensitive ____

Sadness is very common in infants of ____ mothers and infants who are ______ from mothers

Fear is _____ in early months

Fear increases in 2nd half of first year, especially :

those emotions that require the development of a self conscious

examples of higher order emotions

Higher order emotions typically emerge during _____ and ____ years and become stronger after that.

In preschool years, they display some higher order emotions only in the presence of ______. (e.g. guilt/shame)

At age _____, they feel guilt even when action was accidental.

in _______, they report appropriate emotions even if no adult is present; and they do not feel guilt over accidental wrong-doings.

rules that dictate which emotions are okay in different situations

emotional display rules are set by a person's ____

emotional display rules are first evident at age ___

emotional display rules are not fully developed until ____

school-aged children can demonstrate ______- showing one emotion when feeling another (typically the opposite)

Infants can recognize differences in emotions as early as ____ months,

At all ages, infants and children are much better at ____ different emotion than at _____ them.

the ability to detect other's emotions and to take their perspective

________ with caregivers forms foundations of empathy

"true" empathy- requires _______

just before at age 2 they will not only recognize emotion of others, but will attempt to relieve others' unhappiness, such relief efforts are _____ at first, but become more _____

dramatic increase of empathy in ____, as understanding of various emotions increases and multiple cues can be used to determine another's emotions

by ______, empathy has developed beyond empathy for one's immediate emotional condition to their general life condition

individual stable differences in how we approach and respond to other people and situations.

Thomas and Chess's nine demiensions of temperament appear to be present at _____

typically assessed through interviews/surveys of parents as well as behavioral rating by those familiar with the child and by researchers

Pscyhophysiological research of temperament has focused on two types of children:

Infants' temperaments are relatively unstable until about age ____

Influences on temperament:

Temperament as a predictor of behavior:
Trait Outcome?
1. interest (infants)
2. persisitence (inf&m.ch.)
3. distractibility (m.ch)
4. high activity level (m.ch.)
5. difficult temperament
6. high activity level (PS)
7.Shyness (PS)
8. Irritability/impulsivity

Sometimes the influence of temperament on behaviors is mediated by the responses of others, such as...

The fit between a child's personality and his environment is critical. Trying to force a personality change rarely works.

a close emotional bond between a baby and its caregiver

Developing a specific attachment:
1. at birth:
2. within first few days:
3. at 3 mos:
4. by 6 mos:
5. when mobile:

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, infants develop an attachment because the mother:

Infants develop an attachment because the mother meets their needs for oral gratification.

Learning Theory: The caregiver becomes valuable to the infant because he or she....

here, the caregiver becomes valuable to the infant because he or she is associated with pos. experiences, which includes meeting all of their needs.

Harlow Studies involved:

Harlow studies: studies w/ surrogate monkey moms have revealed that infant monkeys prefer:

The KEY to learning theory perspective is that attachment forms with those people who...

Ethological theory (Bowlby) focuses on the ______ interaction between child and caregiver, with primary emphasis on the biological preparation infants have to elicit ______ behaviors and on the issue of species _____.

According to the Ethological theory, infants are pre-programmed with instincts (e.g. _____) that elicit caregiving, and mothers are programmed to....

This theory is unique in its involvement of both the child and caregiver--the development of attachment relies on 2-way interactions. Also unique in its emphasis on innate, pre-programmed responses.

Bowlby identified 3 stages in the Attachment process:

Critical precursors to the development of an attachment are:

allows researchers to observe a child's interactions with Mom and a stranger and categorize children as one of 3 types of attachment patterns

The strange situation paradigm
1. secure attachment:

The strange situation paradigm
2. avoidant attachment

The strange situation paradigm
3. ambivalent attachment

The strange situation paradigm
4. disorganized attachment

The four patterns of the the strange situation paradigm describe a ____, not an individual child or parent.

The attachment patterns in the strange situation paradigm can be predicted by:

_____can influence the formation of attachment patterns.

The _____ relationship is a good predictor of attachment patterns.

Generally, when the family unit and environment remain constant, attachment classifications....

Fathers as attachment figures.

Several factors may contribute to fathers' level of involvement:

Differences in moms and dads:

The differences between moms and dads occur in multiple cultures and are still observed with stay-at-home dads. As a result,babies prefer to ..

Peers can also serve as attachment figures, although the opportunity to develop such attachments are not likely in infancy. Peer attachments are typically _____ than child-adult attachments, probably because of the quality of their interactions.

A mom that works does not necessarily experience insecure mother/infant attachments. When attachment problems DO appear with working moms, it appears to result from...

Effects of children in daycare:

Not all daycare are equal. The most important characteristics are:

early infant-parent attachment has implications for several aspects of later development. Secure attachment in infancy are linked to :