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Definition of psychology:
the study of behavior and mental process.
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6 Psychological perspectives
- Biological: nervous system, neurochemistry, hormones, genetics, and evolutionary influences.
- Learning: environment and experience.
- Cognitive: thinking, memory, language, and perception.
- Psychodynamic: unconscious thoughts, conflicts, and desires.
- Social: individuals behaving in groups.
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Psychiatry:
medical specialty of diagnosing and treating mental disorders; can prescribe drugs
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Scientific method:
- 1) Observation(s) or problem(s)
- 2) Review the literature (evidence and support)
- 3) Hypothesis (real first step of scientific method)
- 4) Gather data (survey, case studies, natural observation)
- 5) Analyze data
- 6) Conclusion
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Confounding variable (in an experiment):
interferes with the experiment.
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Positive correlation:
Negative correlation:
Coefficient of correlation:
- 0.1 – 1.0 (line slope up)
- -0.1 – -1.0 (line slope down)
- (on graph) line showing average of results.
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Quasi experimental design:
take what you can get; no control, no random
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Willhelm Wundt:
- Father of modern psychology
- Structuralism: immediate experience into the element (the nerve= basic unit)
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William James:
- Father of American psychology
- Functionalism: function or purpose of behavior and consciousness– mind, body, and spirit
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Ivan Pavlov:
Conditional Learning; training dogs to salivate at sound of bell.
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Sigmund Feud:
- Psychoanalysis: early childhood experiences and unconscious motivation
- First to study dreams
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John Watson:
- Behaviorism: learned, measured, and observed Little Albert Experiment.
- Infants were made to fear lab rat by hitting huge gong when rat came in room.
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Max Wertherimer:
"Gestalt (whole)" perception: weird pictures the look different when rotated.
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B. F. Skinner:
- Behaviorism: learned, measured, and observed Reinforcements and Punishments
- Behavior modification
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Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers:
- Humanism: personal growth and human potential
- Unconditional positive regard
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Albert Bandura and Albert Ellis:
- Cognitive: mental processing, how one thinks, aggression with Bobo The Clown doll.
- "what you see is what you do"
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CAT scan, MRI, PET scan:
Biomedical: biological explanations of behavior
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New Structuralism and Synapse:
Neurotransmitters: neurochemicals
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Ethics:
standard of competency within a specific field of study.
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Law:
society of group rules and regulations.
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Morals:
personal right and wrong.
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Social mores:
a culture, society, or organized group right or wrong.
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Comparative psychology:
like using lab rats and comparing to quasi experiment.
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Descriptive studies:
observe and find answer.
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Case studies:
pick and choose cases.
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Cross-sectional study:
tests done in different areas.
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Longitudinal study:
tests in different time periods.
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Meta-analysis:
look at other variables affecting results.
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Obedience study:
Stanley Milgram
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Prison Study:
Phil Zimbardo
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Obedience to authority:
human nature can't be trusted under a form of leadership.
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Zimbardo's Theory of Evil:
- Stereotyping: generalization of characteristics of a group
- Scapegoating: blame entire group
- Deindividualization: individual doesn't count, group matters
- Learned Helplessness: good people feel helpless and change
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Situational attribution:
outside reasons why we behave the way we do.
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Dispositional attribution:
inside reason why we behave the way we do.
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Fundamental attribution error:
Overemphasize disposition, underemphasize situation.
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Self-serving bias attribution:
- everything goes right: ME
- everything goes wrong: everyone else.
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Just World hypothesis:
Karma
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Cognitive dissonance attitude:
opposite belief, thoughts, and actions at the same time.
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Primacy effect attitude:
first impressions count and people hold on to them.
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Prejudice attitude:
negative attitude toward a group of people with shared characteristics.
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Discrimination attitude:
making rules and regulations against a group of people based on shared characteristics.
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"isms" attitude:
thinking one's group is more superior and others aren't worth living.
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Groupthink:
when a group has a mind of its own.
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Group Polarization:
group has a relatively neutral thought, but there are extremes in the group.
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Risky-shift:
in a group situation, we tend to do riskier things.
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Bystander effect:
the more people at a scene of an accident or trauma, the less help you will get (diffusion of responsibility).
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Altruism:
helping people without expectation of reward.
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Attractiveness:
- Consensus: majority
- Infant experiment: rate attractiveness of infant
- Proximity: how close would you stand to someone?
- Similarities attract: more in common= more attractive
- Halo effect: nicer attributes are given to more attractive people; being around attractive people increases attractiveness
- Forensic: pick who considers client more attractive.
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